Full text of "The last and best West: Canada in the twentieth century: Western Canada vast in agricultural resources: Homes for millions (American ed.)"

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NO CONSCRIPTION; NO WAR TAX ON LAND

IN CANADA

Every Canadian Soldier is a Volunteer and Canada’s
- War. Expenses are Raised by an Increase of
Customs Tariff and Stamp Tax.

Cannda is a self-governing country
and her participation in the present
European war has been purely yolun-
tary, The revenue necessary to meet
the expense is being raised by’ an in-
crease of sevenand a half per cent added
to the customs tanff, taxation of banks,
loan companies, a tax on railway and
steamship tickets, telegrams, postal
matter, patent medicines and propri-
etary articles. The farm lands of
Canada are free from any war tax and,
the furmers exempt to draw the wealth
from the rich productiveness of the
soil, without contributing to the war
expenses,-except. as outlined above,
Inimense areas of Western Canada are
yet open for free homesteads. Land
of the sume quality that has produced
for the settlers now there from thirty
to sixty bushels of wheat and sixty, to
one hundred bushels of oats to the acre,
is available, the only cost being a
ten-dollar entry fee.

Who is Eligible. The sole head of
a family or any male eighteen (18) years
of age or over, who is a British subject
or who derlares his intention to become a
British subject; a widow having minor
children of her own dependent upon
her for support.

Acquiring Homestead. To acquire
a homestead, applicant must make
entry in person, cither at the Dominion
Lands Office for the Uistrict in which
the land for which application is mades
islocated, or at a sub-agency authorized
to transact business in such district.

CamaDm

Ottawa, Ontario.
8th January, 19166

“Oo . Through either lack of knowledge or
from some ulterior motive numerous papers in
the United States have recently advised
American citizens that by going to Canada
they incurred the risk-of being drafted as
soldiers in the present world-wide war. Were
these articles confined oily to that portion
of the pro-German press, which without regard
to the truth, have been publishing fictitious —
news itens intended to imjure the trade or
stir up friction between the States and Canada,
the reports might safely be let go.uncontra--
dicted, but when responsible journals are mis-
led into publishing erroneous information re-
garding conscription it seems advisable to
make an official pronouncement upon the
matter.

I, therefore, beg to advise you thet

formed, a patent is issucd to the home-
steader ‘shortly after without any further
action on his part, and the land thus
becomes his absolute property.

CUSTOMS REGULATIONS

A settler may~bring inte Canada,
free of duty, live stock for the farm on
‘the following basis, if he has actually
owned such live stock ‘abroad’ for at
least six months be: ore. his removal to
Canada, and_ has ‘brought’ them into
Canada within one (1) year after his
arrival, viz: If horses only are brought
in, sixteen (16) allowed, if cattle are
brought in, sixteen (16) allowed; ifsheep
are brought in, one hundred and sixty
(160) allowed; if swine are brought in,
one hundred and sixty (160) allowed.
If horses, cattle, sheep and swine are
brought in together, or part of cach,
the'Same proportions as above are to
be-observed.

Duty is to be paid on live stock in
excess of the number for w hich provision
is made as above, For customs entry
purposes a mare with a colt under six
(6) months old is to be reckoned as one

+(1) animal; a cow with a calf under six

(6) months qld is also to be reckoned
as one (1) animal, Cattle and other
live stock imported into Canada are~
subject to quarantine regulations,

The following articles have free entry:

Settlers’ effects, free, viz: Wearing
apparel, household” furniture, books,
implements and tools of trade, occupa-
tion or employment;. guns, musical

Bio day trust be pai @ fee-of ten dollars — ;eli—troops-froa- Cenade—for—the-war-have-gone—— ~instruments,. domestic peming ma
must he pai ve certific typewriters, live stock, bicycles, carts
of entry which is then granted the ||VOluntarily; that while the Government has and. other ’yehicles, and. agricultural

the power to enforce conscription, euch action
has not been considered either advisable or
necéssary, and-.that even were conscription
introduced it would apply to Canadian citizens
only.

applicant gives him authority to enter
upon the land and maintain full posses-
sion of it as long as he complies with
the homestead requirefnehts.

Residence. To earn patent for
homestead, & person must reside in a
habitable house upon the land for six
(6) months during each of three (3)
years, Such residence, however, need
not be commenced before’six (6) months
after the date on which entry for the
land was secured.

Improvement Duties. Refore heing
eligible to apply for patent, a home-
steader must Drea (plough up) thirty
(30) aeres of the homestead, of which
twenty (20) acres must be cropped.
Ht is also required that a reasonable
nronortion of this cultivation be done
during each homestead year. In some
cases substitution of stock, in] licu_ of
cultivation, is allowed. -

Application for Patent. When a
homesteader has completed his resi-
dence and cultivation duties,"he makes
application for patent before the agent
of Dominion Lands for the district in,
which the homestend is Incated, or
hefore 4 sub-agent authorized toddeal
with lands in such district, If the
duties have been satisfactorily per-

For your information when dealing
with this subject, I may say that many .
Canadians resident in the United States and
many American citizens have crossed into
Canada since the outbreak of war, have
offered their services, been accepted, did
valuable work and in some cases gave up
their life in the cause of liberty and

justice,
A he

Minister of the Interior.

Fac-simile of letter sent by Hon. Dr. Roche, Minister of Interior of
Canada, to United. States Papers

implements in use by the settler for at
least six (6) months before his removal
to Canada, not to include:machinery
or articles imported for use in any
manufacturing establishment or for
sale; also booksrpictures, family plate,
furniture, personal effects and heirlooms
left by bequest; provided that any
dutiable articles entered as settlers’

- effects may not be so entered: uniess

brought with the settler on‘his first
arrival, and shall not be sold or other-
wise disposed of without payment of
duty until after twelve (12) months’
actual use in Canada,

The settler will be required to take
oath that all of the articles have been

“owned by himself or herself for at

least six (6) months before removal to
Canada; that none have been imported
as merchandise, for use in a manutactur-
ing establishment or as & contractor's
outfit, or for sale; that he or she intends
becoming @ permanent settler within
the Dominion of Canada and that the
“Live Stock” enumerated is intended
for his or her own use on the farm which
he or she is about to occupy (or culti-
vate), and not for sale or speculative
purposes, nor for the use of any other
person or pergons.

For Particulars as to reduced railway fare& dr

ind settlers’ rates on stock and effects; for information of any ’-’

nature relative to Western Canada and the ‘wonderful opportunities being offered to new settlers. write the

nearest of the following Canadian Government Agents in the United States:

UNITED STATES AGENTS
M. V. MacINNES, 178 Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich. J.
C. J. BROUGHTON, Room 412, 112 W. Adams St., Chicago, I. W
GEORGE A. HALL, 123 Second St., Milwaukee, Wis.
R. A. GARRETT, 311 Jackson St. St. Paul, Minn. - J.
FRANK H. HEWITT, 5th St., Des Moines, Iowa. J
OQ. G. ROUTLEDGE, 301 E. Genesee St., Syracuse, N. Y. j.
W. S. NETHERY, 82, Interurban Station, Columbus, Ohio. L.
C. A. LAURIER, Marquette, Mich.
G..W. AIRD, 215 Traction-Terminal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind.
W.E, BLACK, Clifford Block, Grand Forks, N. D.

J.C. KOEHN, Mountain Lake, Minn.

University af

2 N

M. MacLACHLAN, Drawer 197, Watertown, $..D.
V. BENNETT, Room 4, Bee Bldg., Omaha, Neb.
O. A. COOK, 2012 Main St., Kansas City, Mo. >>,
_L. PORTE, Room 6, Dunn Block, Great Falls, Mont. »
. N. GRIEVE, Cor. 1st and Post Sts., Spokane, Wash.
E. La FORCE, 1139 Elm 8t., Manchester, N. H.
N. ASSELIN, Biddeford, Me. .
MAX A. BOWLBY, 73 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. --
F. A. HARRISON, 210 North 3d St., Harrisburg, Pa.
GILBERT ROCHE, Canadian Gov. Exhibit, San Diego, Cal.

THE. PRIZE Waeat
BELT ‘of the WORLD

“An Averass Wheat Yield of 30 %y Bushels to ‘the Aere _
for the Entire, Country - -¢

40 0 and 50. Bushels of Wheat to the Acre Common i in 1915

ESTERN CANADA ‘has justly earned the: proud distinction. of -
_ -being classed as The Prize Grain Belt of the World. In
quality competition, the world’s championship wheat and oats
4 “ee were grown in Canada. Now, Western Canada proves that
a 2 ; “Championship-quality goes hand-in-hand with championship=—
‘e . § 7 |-- quantity. An average wheat yield of 3017 bushels to the -
acre over the three provinces, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and
‘Alberta, in 1915, constitutes a record that has never been _
Teached anywhere else i in the world. _ The reports of yields,

- .as’70 bushels. per acre,.and a large number getting 40 to 50 bushels per acre, 75 to 115
bushels of oats to the acre, and these were quite common. Affidavits showing these i immense
_-? yields have- been secured. What should: b -be especially pleasing i is that much of this was grown
by Americans whose friends may now: be, Reading these pages. __
: . Of- wheat, oats, barley and flax. the. on atire value would be: “over $530,000, 000. Wheat
-. in the middle of January, 1916, was wa ‘over one. dollar per bushel on the farm. ——
With a ‘production of 350,000,000 ushels of wheat selling over the dollar mark, the:
aggregite return to the farmers of Western Canada is’ ‘approximately, ‘$350, 000,000.
The population of the three prairie provinces which produced this. wealth is in round
" figures 1,500,000. Of these, | 500,000 live in the cities and towns. and aré not producers in an
agricultural sense, leaving 1, 000, 000 people to- comprise the rural’ ‘population who- produced
~ this $350,000,000 crop OF ‘wheat. This means $350 for every many woman atid , child in

Manitoba, Saskatchewan and:-Alberta who comprise the farming population’! 4 “Taking an oe

- average of five: persons to a family, it means $1,750 income to every.family from wheat alone.
-- Taking into account, also, the yield of oats, barley, flax, Tye, peas, ‘potatoes, etc. + and —
_. the production of cattle, horses, sheep, Pigs and other live stock, one can without exagger-

- ation atrive at the conclusion: that the: average income per ‘family throughout the prairie prov-
inces for the season of 1915 has béen from $3, 000 to $4,000. -

- Many individual farmers in 1915 have‘ secured value to the extent of $i0, 009 to $15, 000, ;
. from their crops in Western Canada.

908131.

_-_-__--They-haye-seen-within.the-past—|—

four years’ tinie.
_ found that the story of-remark-

a They have had-crops exceeding
those promised; they have seen

.. MAGNITUDE. OF -WESTERN- «

CA NAY D AL

- a a _
WEST 7”

‘REMARKABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURE IN. WESTERN CANADA.
_ AN AMERICAN PAPER: BEARS WITNESS TO THE EXTRAORDINARY OPPORTUNITIES * _ .

The Northwestern Agriculturist, of “Minneapolis, Minn., in

_a@ recent issue expresses the conviction that results obtained

in farming in western Canada have far exceeded any predic-
tions made as inducements to would-be settlers to take up Jand
in CANADA’S GREAT PRIZE WHEAT BELT.

Crops ‘have been far greater than expected, and land: evalues,
have gone up so rapidly that fortunes are made in a few years.’

The article reads as follows: ‘

“When a man in the States was told a few years ago that

. he could secure as a free homestead 160 acres of land- that

would produce from 20 to 40 bushels of -wheat, or 60 to 80
bushels of oats per acre, he was skeptical; or that he could pur-

- chase lands at from $8 to $12 per acre, without residential

duties, he was doubtful. The homesteader - now has land |

worth from $15 to $70 an acre,

and the man who purchased has
seen his land double in price in
Both have

able yields has been. verified.

oats that have exceeded 100
bushels to the acre, and have °
grown wheat that averaged 40
and as high. as 50 bushels to ~
the acre, and their wheat was
not a 58-pound to thé bushel
article, but 62 and 63 pounds.

year or two trunk lines of rail-
way constructed through their’
district, and throwing out branch |
lines to the gates of their | farms.”

FIGURES THAT REVEAL THE

CANADA GRAIN CROP

Reverting to the estimated
wheat yield of Manitoba, Sas- ¢
katchewan and Alberta—304,-
200,000 bushels—it is considered
that some’ 40,000,000 . bushels
will be required for seed, domestic
consumption, etc., leaving |
264,000,000 bushels s/ for. export.
Some idea of what this means
may be gathered from. the fol-
lowing:

(a) — 264, 000, 000 ‘bushels = = 15,840,000,000 Ibs. =
tons of wheat, to move which there would be required 198,000

40-ton freight cars loaded to their fullest capacity; 198,000 | per, acre.

: Corn is now being successfully grown in many parts and excellent
, wheat yields follow its cultivation.

7,920,000 |- year 1915, for instance.

“Metagama” to transport across the. Atlantic the ‘enormous
quantity of surplus crop produced by Canada’s three Prairie
Provinces. Fancy- what an “Armada” that would be! -

56,571,421 barrels flour X 175=9,899,998,675 loaves of bread,

24 oz. each. Enough bread to give 27,123,284’ people ‘one loaf
of bread per diem for a whole year. — .

CAUSES OF BIG YIELDS OF GRAIN IN WESTERN CANADA
_—SOIL, CLIMATE AND. GOOD CULTIVATION

The @rain crops of Western Canada in 1915 may.-truly be-
said to be phenomenal, and many different reasons are now
being advanced. The first of these is the light crop of 1914,

. . which left a great deal of nour--

ishment for’ the crop of 1915.

The second is that more land
.. was well prepared for crop in the

fall of 1914 thanin any- other

~ fallin the history of the province.
This certainly had a beneficial -

- effect on the crop. -A liberal
rainfall in the month.of June was
also advantageous. - Another
reason “suggested by close stu-
dents of agriculture is that the ~
wheat crop year bore s, wonder-
ful bloom.”. Practically every
cell of the wheat head was.

~fertiived “and excl head” filled ~
wonderfully well.

Those who have given the
, matter éareful thought say that
__ _-—there-i is-no-reason why Western
Canada should ever have-small .
average Yi yields. Farming i ignow
becoming more of & science than -
- it ever has been, and with the
knowledge of what Western
Canada soils. can do, and the
ser proper application of labor and
the conservation of the soil prop-
erties there is no reason why
these lands should not always
produce good crops. These -
things considered, there are
those who prophesy continued
heavy yields in all portions of
Western Canada. Take the
{There are many cases reported of .a
farmer in a district getting fifty to fifty-five bushels of wheat
His neighbors having the same soil, the same.amount :

cars if placed in line together would make a train 1511- -miles | of rainfall, got but thirty. And why? Might it’ not have

long or one extending from Winnipeg to Salt Lake City. These

‘been the difference in-cultivation. There is no question that

ears would cover every mile of & 4track line from Chicago-to + ‘ybreaking or “summer-fallowed land always gives better results

Des Moines, Iowa, with 15 miles to spare.

They would reach from Winnipeg through Milwaukee, Chi-
cago, Cleveland, Buffalo and Albany to the Grand Central
Depot in New York City, Allowing 35 cars to a locomotive,
it would require 5,657 locomotives to haul 198,000 cars and
5,657 trains running at intervals of five minutes would take

‘more than 1914 days to pass a given point.

“&%)—The. full cargo capacity ,of 8S. S. “Missanabie”’ or
“Metagama”’ is 250,000 bushels. off, ,érain. Therefore it would
require a fleet of 1,056 ships "RS" I large as the “Missanabie” or

than fall or spring ploughed land. Yet one of the unaccountable
things of 1915 crop was the ‘excellent’ yield reported from
“gtubbled-in” pieces. As high as 45 bushels per acre in some
cases, and this is generally considered the poorest kind of farming.

The figures in the opposite column are esti-
-mates of Dec. 1, 1915. Since then a ‘revision

shows the wheat trop of Manitoba, Saskatch-
ewan and Alberta to be nearly 400 700,000
bushels.

~——hrea-under-Homesteads STITT TTT

Xs Ltd > So -

FREE HOMES: FOR MILLIONS. THE LAND. ‘SITUATION
IN WESTERN CANADA

‘The following tables’ will give a quick conception of the |-

"possibilities for settlement in Western Canada. In January,
1915, less than one-half of the Total Land Area of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan and Alberta had been surveyed. Of a Total
Area in the three provinces of 454, 789, 678 acres, the Surveyed

Area. embraced 195,341,726 acres.

The Total Area Surveyed and Available For’ Homestead
Entry ‘was 28,075,000 acres. : Nx

This is equivalent to over 175,000 ‘quarter-sections of 160
acres each, any one of which was open for entry: to“the’ first
qualified person making application.

35,000 Free Farms Awaiting Settlers i in “Manitoba

Total Land Area. ects e een eee ereeee scene -. 148,570,698 Acres
Total Surveyed Area....:.....00. wee eeeees 34,558,979 Acres |.
Area under Homestends seen eceberueeeeeens ’ 7,795,000 “Aerbs |

50,000 FREE FARMS

Awaiting Settlers in Saskatchewan
Total Land Area

. 5,575,600 Acres

eee eee eee eee ete e te eneaee 152,340,320 Acres
‘Total Surveyed Area..-.. 0... .eceeeeeeeeeis 79,218,076 Acres
Area under Homesteads............00cenes *, 32,118,000 Acres
Area Available for Homestead Entry........ 8,000,000 Acres

90,000 Free Farms Awaiting Settlers in Alberta °

Total Land Area...... 0. cece ceecenee ences 158,878,678 Acres
Total Surveyed Area... 0.0... cece ee cee es 81,564,671 Acres
456,000 Acres |

14,500,000 Acres

There is no War-Tax on Land and no Taxes
of any nature on Farm Stock, Implements, Chat- ||
tels or. Buildings.

Western Canada wants the
farms improved ‘and therefore improvem ments “are
Rot, taxed. .

Western Canada hog prices ~
* are higher than those
of Chicago’ -

CANAD A

_W. EST.

WESTERN CANADA HOLDS WORLD'S CHAMPION SHIPS - a .

WHAT WESTERN CANADA HOMESTEADERS HAVE.
DONE-.IN WORLD'S COMPETITIONS .
~The homesteaders of western - Canada,’ in competition with
those of the rest of-the agricultural world, have demonstrated
that the best grains and the best stock-are being ‘raised in the. :

‘provinces of. Manitoba, Saskatchewan’ ‘and Alberta,

. The homiesteaders of these provinces -are entering the. arena
of the ‘keenest agricultural competitions on this continent,
pitted’ against the wealthiest - farmersy. ‘ranchers- and cattle
kings and carrying off all ‘the big prizes. :

- What the homesteader is doing is best demonstrated by. the’
following achievements of the past’ few years: ~

> + 4944 AND 1914 WORLD'S BEST WHEAT . .

Thousand-Dollar Gold Prize—New York Land Show. —and .

International Soil Products Exhibition, Wichita, Kan. . WwW on by
Seager Wheeler, Rosthern, Sask.

1912 BEST BUSHEL HARD WHEAT
Dry Farming Congress, Lethbridge, Alta .~Rumley Engine, .
value 32, 500. Won by Henry Holmes, Raymond, Alta. .
1918 BEST BUSHEL HARD WHEAT oo.
’ Dry Farming. Congress; Tulsa, Okla.—A threshing machine

won by Paul Gerlach, Allen, Sask., with 71.1 oz. to. the bushel.

: _ 1911-13-14 WORLD'S BEST OATS‘

Colorado $1,500 Trophy——Wor outright by J. C. Hill & Sons,
Lioydminster,. Sask., with one peck of “Abundance Oats.”
Mr. Hill has ‘asked permission to donate a similar prize of
equal value, to be known as the “Canadian Trophy.”

1915 FIRST AND SECOND IN HARD WHEAT—THIRD

FROM CANADIAN SEED EED GRAIN-—FIRST IN ALFALFA | *-

"At The International Dry" “Farming Congress, Denver,’ Colo.,
the World’s Sweepstakes’for the best bushel of hard spring

| wheat shown at the International Products Exposition, waa

awarded to Seager Wheeler, of. Rosthern, Saskatchewan. ;
The prize forthe second best” bushel « ‘of WHEAT Hlso went to
Saskatchewan, ‘being won by J. S. Fields, of Regina. The.

..tnird_prize exhibit was_not..grown_in. Canada, but.was- raised. - -- ~

from.seed imported from Saskatchewan.
The display of alfalfa was of the finest, W. A. Abbott, “Maple

Creek, Sask., taking first place in a class of twenty entries.

Canada’s barley-fed hogs
make 200 Ibs. at

oo a _ CoA N A DA ~WEST 0.0.85 0.050

| WESTERN CANADA’S GREAT DEVELOPMENE,

HE increase in wheat" production in Westem Canada in the last few. years is but z an ‘index. of the great
development which i is bound to follow in the next decade. Thestrith i is that Canada’s wheat. lands have .
been discovered, and ‘nothing can stem or turn aside the stream of immigration that has: set in from

“the United States and European countries... wh, .
Those who come now may. get cheap or ‘free lands, and choice of location, according to ‘their nieans, ‘and wilt
soon be in a position to take advantage of the era of prosperity that is assured for the future. ~
__The land is going quickly, but there aze_millionsof_acres.stil-leftss-productive-and ft fr settlement as—

any already taken, and which are being Tapidly reached by Tailways.

a . .
man, and of possibilities of agricultural ‘Sroduction which can
be realized only ‘by increased immigration. . Before and above
all of what transportation has done, and: may yet do to. carry
agriculture away, the more reasonable prospect. is. the settle- .
ment of these wide’ areas by a population cultivating the soil

which this great country has. - 2 onus Be

WESTERN: CANADA HAS A HOME FOR YOU IN
THE PRIZE WHEAT BELT OF THE WORLD-

In the olden days all roads Jed to Rome, but to-day they
lead to the Empire where wheat is King,—The Prize Wheat
Belt of Western Canada.

A careful investigation shows that conditions for settlement

_ are better and the opportunities greater than they were ten

. years ago. At that time settlers had to go farther. from the

’ line of railway than they have today, in addition to which
markets have improved and farmers are getting better prices
than ever before.

While there is today a great world-wide demand for’ wheat

and the acreage is increasing rapidly; while, moreover, great
‘efforts will have to be made to keep pace with the demand for.
this, the most important of our cereal crops,.there is at the

‘game time a wonderful opening in the western provinces of
Canada for mixed farming. The domestic market for butter,
eggs, milk, vegetables and meat is one of the best in the world,

- because most of these commodities are being imported in large

*.., quantities and prices are consequently fiigh. There is no’
doubt about the demand, neither is there any question that
people who know how can produce all these commodities with

—profit-to-themselves and advantage to the consumer.

The wheat areas of the world are becoming exhausted or

“ atilized for other crops. Consumption of wheat is increasing
ats greater rate than production, and this era of high prices
will continue. This scarcity is Canada’s opportunity, and sheis~} that every little payment.
quickly taking a léading placéin. the wheat-producing nations | closer to having your own home and farm. In the event ‘of
of the world. The -problem of- our agriculture - + ,your working on @ farm in western Canada,

_is the probiem of supplying bread _to. the. ever-._.p——= - _--- you--are—able—to- get -very- high - wages: during
increasing millions of America and Europe, and, | the summer and harvest months, then put in
while marvellous strides have been made in the the winter on your. homestead. At the end
facilities for transportation of agricultural prod- of three years, when you receive title from |
ucts, yet the real solution of the problem is the Government; a railway will have been: -
bringing the population to the food, rather than built “close to your. land, increasing the value
the food to the population. The vision that so greatly that you will be comparatively
meets us here is one of ample land awaiting © independent.

e ?

-THE WAY TO LOOK. ar IT | : .

After you have harvested your- “ctop from land that is. worth
anywhere from $75 to $200 per acre,. and you do- not own a
great deal of that, not nearly as much ag you desire, -possibly, af
you are renting a ‘farm, paying the greater “part: of your Kard-.
earned money to the landlord; or, again, is may be that’ you
are working on @ farm with no prospects, or very slim ‘ones
at the most, of ever owning a home of your own, in a country.
where land values are greatly beyond your means of obtaining,
it is then you turn your face to some newer place where there
is more room for you, where you can get-from 500 to 1,000
acres of the finest agricultural land in close proximity to a
inarket, for the price-you can sell that 100 acres of yours back
home. If you are a renter, it is possible to get a farm of your .
own, either free, by way_ofa homestead.of 160-acres-from
the Dominion Government, or to purchase land close to the .
railway.centres at such low prices and long terms, that it is
less by far than your rent would be in.the old settled districts,
where you are at Present living, with the further advantage -

A Jersey herd on a Western Canada farm. It will be noticed that there is magnificent natural shelter. There is ‘a splendid -
‘ ; . market for all dairy products. oot o

"water jakes and broad .
“7 Breas, ;

'» * and park-like. valléys.
_- All this is" Canada ~
West. The American

primeval forests, hills -

_‘-toward Canada feels
- the significince to hu-

- of this vast region, the
: multitude of lives to |
’'. which it can’ bring

broken. by destructive forces.~

“and stretched ‘a network of railways in every direction.

* all parts of the world. To the advantages of a sturdy pioneer

_ -Inunities. Modern. methods of agriculture mean_ease for the’
' farmer of Canada West, his family has every home comfort and

~three provintes, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, only

small expenditure of time, effort, and money.
+, and flax, can-also be raised ‘successfully, on these broad plains.
’ Vast tracts of. sich land in exceedingly desirable portions of
.. these three provinces are yet_untenanted. Hundreds of thou-

‘more available vacant homesteads yet to be filed on. There
. .they find certain and rich returns on their investménts, and

_ ing.
*thrive.on the rich grasses. ' Such cattle as are brought to the |
“boundary for importation’ by settlers are inspected and any
-Snimals exhibiting signs: of disease are not Permitted to enter.

SeAN A DAL

WEST

/ ee LAND FULL OF. BROMISE AND: AMPLE REALIZATION -

NANADA. WEST -

-is a mighty, Te- °
‘gion comprising
over’a million square _|-
- miles ; magnificent
plains, great’ ‘fresh:

. sheltering
groves, tree-iringed
‘water courses, and

and grassy dales; high-
lands, mountains,
snow-capped peaks, |

farmer looking north

manity and to himself

happiness ‘and success, .
and the great constructive’ role it is to play toward a world

”, Thoughts’ such as these have, ‘resulted in dotting the vast.
stretches of Canada West with homesteads, farms, villages,

towns, and cities, have covered broad. plains with-waying grain, _|_of unus

Canada West is no longer 4 great. uninhabited expanse. To
evety district the railroads have brought the conveniences of
modern _ civilization and the means of communication with _

life are here added’ those of the most’ advanced social com-.

social advattage and, his children are assured the best of school-
ing. And still the area in Canada West is so ‘vast that in the

eight per cent of the land isbeing tilled. Thousands of 160-acre
free homesteads await the energetic enterprise of the practical
home-maker to transform them into wealth-producing lands and.
bring him independence and success.

The conditions: governing such occupation are simple and
easy. After the filing-of a claim and the payment of ‘a ten
dollar entrance fee, thé only requirement for complete owner-
ship is residence on the land for six months each year during
three years. ‘There are’ great level prairies. to be obtained in .
this way which will-make ideal grain-growing areas and from
which record crops of wheat can be raised with unprecedentedly -
Oats, barley,

sands of farmers from the United States have filed on these
lands and, as hag been said, there are hundreds of thousands

they. can look forward to a rosy:future, before, 50 uncertain.
Large areas of. untenanted lands are adapted - to mixed farm-*
There is “abundant. water and fodder for the. cattle which

Looking the landscape over in the Edmonton district. ‘This is a field of oats cut green for feed.
The crop cures in the stock and makes excellent winter feed for horses and
cattle at low cost, three tons to the acre being common, _

- the ‘country. “The
standard of. health: in
this respéct “is “very
‘thightand rigidly main-
~_;fained to- protect the,

_provintes. -
. Dairying is carried -

with highly successful
results, the rich milk -
testifying to the nu-
tritive . quality of the
abundant grasses on
which the cattle, feed.
Creameries: for_ the
manufacture’ of butter
and cheese are numer-

- ous and prosperous.

- of soil that fatten the
.. large herds of cattle
~ are favourable. also to
sheep raising, a pursuit

“which has assumed 4 large proportions i in this country. . Many of
‘the valleys of British Colu

bia are particularly well suited to
otatoes- and hay a3 well as

mixed farming and large cro
evince fruits of all kinds,

wheat and oats ere raised. In this

on extensively and=-

The same qualities

“cattle stock of the o
farmers already in the .- |

of unusus! flavor and excellence, are grown. The Pacific’ Qcean

“ig a large contributor to the wealth not only of British Columbia
but of the great central-expanse lying between it and Hudson

Bay. Strong air currents carry heat and moisture from the -

ocean and in many parts influence the winter temperature to

the entire year.
Home building is. easy an and inexpensive since timber is_ to] be __

‘found in large quantities in the forest-lands and timbered ;

stretches throughout the provinces.
All these facts point to the wisdom of securing agricultural

Jands such as these, which will yield larger profits than almost

any other in any region. ‘The wide acres of Canada West
will amply reward ordinary care in working, and surpass in

‘such-a-degree-that-cattle-and -horses-nay—pasture-out—through— _

productiveriess, when scientifically treated, much of the valuable. a

land of the United States.
. Now is the time to choose the best ‘tracts of land. ‘The
demand: for ‘food: stuffs will soon pass all precedents, and

Western Canada has -been provided by nature with every °

advantage dor supplying the demand. The radiant sunshine,
the well distributed” rains, the deep fertility’ of the soil, the
ease and rapidity of ' production, all point to it as the im-
portant food producer of the world. The demand from Europe
for years to come will be great and insistent. ‘The world

‘must turn to these vast untenanted lands for preservation upon

which thousands are yearly taking up residence.

Towns and cities spring up, and’railroads penetrate in every :
direction to bear away vast harvests to the, world’s markets, .

‘The scheme of speculators to allow lands to lie idle while wait~
ing for an merease. in value is no. longer tenable. - The value of
these lands is‘ now in their. great productivity, in-the actual
crops they can produce. + The call is. now for the energy and.
initiative of the practical farmer, the producer the man who
knows how to make the land yield its riches, and to whom the

-world looks for support.

Tf there ‘ia any one fact more: than atiother. regarding: Canada ‘
that. has in recent years been heralded abroad, ard that -has

served to attract attention to the Dominion, it is the almost limit-

less. ‘expanse and the immense fertility of her western prairies. ,

6 _CANADA

“1 ty.
~

THE EFFECT OF THE WAR,

“A Growth for.Canada in the next Thirty Years
Greater than that for any Part of the Continent.”

Extracts from an address by C. W. Barron, of the Wall Street
° Journal before the Canadian Club of Toronto:

“There are only two great unturned arable soils in the world
———~—tealsy-awaiting human-occupstion, ~These-are in Russia and”
the upper part of the North American continent. .:

“Now when it comes to the settlement of-this war—the
. settling up and the settling down—you know or rT ought to know
a who has the Jand and where the .
aan future settlements will be! You
are 7% of the North American
‘continent in population and you
have more than 7% of the 'rail-
road mileage. In respect not
only to railroads, but in some
political and financial aspects,
you are better off than we are in
the United States. The govern- -
_--ment here aids and helps to fi-
nance your transportation. You -
have a homogeneous govern-
ment. You are protected on-two —
rides by the oceans; on the north
by nature; and on the south you
have no’ Belgium and no Ger- -
many. You are protected on the
south because no one would think
of-going-through~your-southern— -[-
boundary. You are the best
protected people in the world!
- What better situation can you
think of, when you ask whe is
going to get the material benefits
4 in the settlements after the war?
What you need is more mineral
development, more agricultural
- ‘development, more transporta-
tion, more people; and all these,
it’ seems to me, you will get
after the war. ;

“I don’t want to swell your
pride too much by telling you
\: how tremendous will be the
material results to you after this
war. We have not in the United
States the available‘anable land
that you have. | ou have pro-
portionately more railroads; and
so long as a country needs for
its prosperity freedom, good
position, you are the one people
who have the land, with the
government, and good transportation, you are in a favoured
position, right climate, and transportation,” and you are ready
to invite the whole world to come in. -

“In the next generation’ you will not be 7% of ‘the North
American people in population and growth buf a far larger
part. I see a growth for Canada in the next thirty, years greater
than for any part ‘of this.continent. Indeed, I think you will
grow in the next thirty ‘years faster, broader, and ‘greater than’.
any part of this continent ever has grown in any thirty years.
- “The United States will profit by the lessons of the war in
the world-competition. In’ this the futures of the United
States and Canada lie along the same: &: path. Both have expe”

The complete fall operations on every farm

WE S.T

THE WHEAT CROP OF WESTERN CANADA IN 1915 WAS 350,000,000 BUSHELS -

rienced the impetus of war business. The physical features of
the two countries are the same, with the difference that Canada’ 3
resources have scarcely yet been touched.” —-
CANADA'S UNDEVELOPED FIELD ~-
‘A Winnipeg paper, with » well-known reputation for con-
servatism in economic matters ‘says: °
’ “Ganada’s undeveloped field should prove a mighty factor

after” the war in Adjusting the country’s business” from” one ~~

period to another. Agriculture, moreover, must continue to be
the basic source of the nation’s prosperity. . The staggering figures -
of this ‘year's erop,: ‘showing increases in. production of .50 per
- cent over last year, give a slight
idea of the future wealth stored
in vast stretches of prairie plain
_ yet untouched by-the plough.
The estimates of the crop for .
1915, made during August and
‘September by- authoritative
people in the West, who are,
usually right in their’ calcula-
tions, have all been revised.to
meet the phenomenal returns
from -the threshers. The Do-
minion Government on Septem-
ber 13, estimated the western
_wheat crop at 275,772,200
bushels, but on October 15
those figures were changed to
304,200,000 bushels. At least it
would seem now that the wheat
—~erop of Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
and Alberta for the year 1915.
would. amount .to more than
350,000,000 bushels.’? :

MONETARY RETURNS-FOR—~
THE WESTERN CROP

the West is receiving for its gram

has not yet been wholly appre-

ciated. -Up to the 10th December
the Canadian West had received

some 170 million dollars for 182

‘million bushels of its grain crop,

of which 149 million bushels was

wheat.

True, the shadow of war is still
upon us. But hostilities are @&
thousand miles away—~where we

_ propose to keep them. - Inter-
nally, the land is at absolute
peace. Military efforts have
all ‘been voluntary, and conse-

‘quently have’ not disorganized.

: the ordinary business of the coun-

\try. Economists ‘tell us when:,,

‘the war is over no country will

“be in better shape than Canada,
because our prosperity is notidependent upon the war, or upon
the market for luxuries, but u on our production of food, whielf :
Europe must consume, whether, at war or at peace. .

‘Western Canada is’ the last great area of cheap, fertile land
with. democratic government and ‘a white man’s climate. ' When
the present upheaval, settles down,’ the rush for such land is
sure to-be tremendous. The thoughtful: ‘settler is, the one ‘who

foresees events, makes his decision and selects his farm in sO

advance of the multitude. And levery settler who brings to
Canada the means necessary to a modest start, combined with
enterprise, intelligence, and good citizenship, can look forward

‘with the fullest confidence to Prosperity and . happiness. _

tad

_---The-amount-of-monvy--which a

yt : mora . on . co

CA N-A D&S WEsT re

".. CANADA’S WONDERFUL PROGRESS»

T IS OVER THE HILL—-SPLENDID BANK CLEARINGS—CROP RETURNS REVEAL
VAST POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE.:

“There are opportunities. for investment in’ ‘Canada now that may prove attractive to “ American capital.
‘Land prices in the West are low and wages less than,on this side of the line; and whatever the outcome of the

, war, the future of the Dominion i is assured < as one of Prosperity i in the development of its vast resources.’”

“an actuality and not a-myth.- There i is to-day a spirit of opti-

' record crop—a crop which enriches them to the extent of some-

—factory;-and—financial—men—

‘ers of any country are in better financial.condition and i in a, more

a7 . : —-Chicago Tribune.

“SHORT time ago the Canadian Government asked for pri-
. vate subscriptions to a loan of 50 million dollars. Less
‘ than a month was given for completion of the subscription.

On November 30th, the day upon which subscriptions were to

cease, ‘it- was found that 110 millions of dollars had been sub-

scribed, - or ; :60- Zuillion ‘dollars more than the_amount asked.

If there were. any so pessimistic as to imagine that Canada was,

passing through 2 period of hard times the wonderful showing of

this subscription ‘should put aside all doubts of Canada’s rapidly,
increasing prosperity.
The tradé revival in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and ‘Alberta i ig.

been the biggest i in the history of Winnipeg and in the ‘history
of the twin ports, Fort William and Port Arthur. - The -mail
order houses have had a big year, the rush of fall orders ex-

by the actual business done.

‘The tide has turned in Western Canada. The people of the
West are forging ahead, forging ahead in actual production and
in. creation of wealth, giving generously. to charitable and other
funds, paying up, their back debts,-while going along carefully as
regards any creation of new debts. -
. not scrimping, acting.cautiously but.not miserly. The financial
‘heads of Eastern Canada, of the United States and of Europe
-are no longer criticizing Western Canada; rather they are un-

~stintedly offering their praise and ‘their - complimenits. . The
financial press recognizes. that - the tide has turned in Western
Canada, and it has been published to the world.

Thism inthe air, just as two years ago there prevailed the oppo-
site spirit, of pessimism.
’ A general trade revival has been felt in | every’ departnient of
- business in the Prairie Provinces. The agriculturists are in better
shape than they have ever been before in their-lives. No farm-"

general state of prosperity than are the farmers. of Manitoba,
Saskatchewan and Alberta. The farmers have harvested a

western people to go on increasing their- productiveness and

thing nearly $550,000,000. .
maintaining: the records which they have already established:

Ia_the cities the prosperity of the country has been reflected.

Everywhere business is on the hustle. . The wholesalers and the

the business survey of the whole Dominion for 1915 and i in the

ceeding all previous years and taxing the capacity of these estab-.
lishments, whose most sanguine expectations have been exceeded

retailers and the implement dealers find | business good. The

banks. and other collection
. houses find collections.satis- ©

declare that westerners are

. paying up their debts.

In Winnipeg the bank clear- —

ings have been the largest in

history, some weeks exceed--

ing the figures of Montrealand
Toronto. For 1915, they were
a, billion and a half of dollars,

" representing business on a per

., shipping centres.

_Buffalo,

capita basis of over $7,000
per head for every man,
woman, and child in the city,

‘and have gone ahead of big

manufacturing cities like
and run a close
second to Detioit; it has

. shown bigger bank clearings

than the middle west cities of

Minnéapolis and Duluth, and ~
has exceeded ‘Los Angeles, ,

and other~ noted
It is now
side by side with the ten

- Seattle,

; biggest cities in North Ameri- |
ca in amount’ of bank:

clearings...

But because the war helped -
Canada recover quickly from
“a natural economic, depres- .
sion ‘it does not follow. that, -

atthe end of the war, the

taal
A Self-Governing Gountry~

There is no War Tax on Land nor -is there any
™ Conscription.

Canada Ss a part of the British Empire. The duties of the government
are divided between the Dominion and the provinces. The system is popularly
termed “Responsible Government.” Every government official is fully and
entirely responsible to the people for every administrative act of himself and
colleagues. This, more than any other form, places the people in?more direct
and absolute control. ’

The Dominion owns and controls the administration of the’ public lands ,

in the three Central provinces and throughout Northern Canada. The
responsibility for their development, rests upon the Dominion Government:
which therefore assumes the'work of promoting immigration. ~The Dominion

. Parliament makes and enforces the criminal laws, controls the militia, post
office, railways, indirect taxation by the tariff and vexcise, trade relations with
other countries, and, speaking generally, all mattets of national concern.

- ‘The Provinces are governed by legislatures elected by the people. They

have ‘‘Responsible Government’ on the same principles as the Dominion

Government. They are charged with providing the civil law and administering
both civil and criminal laws. They provide for ‘education and municipal
government and for direct taxation in their support, and generally all matters
of a purely’ provincial or local character. .

Military Service in Canada is Not Compulsory
Any contribution to Great Britain, whether in money or men, fs entirely
voluntary. There exists, though, such a friendly feeling to the mother
country, that as in the case of the European War, voluntary contributions
are given with the beartiest good will. It would be possible for Canada to
remain entirely neutral, but to do so would not be natural. It, therefore,

- rests absolutely With oneself whetber he care to taxe up arms. There is no.

War tax on land...

outlook for 1916.

: _ One of the best indications.
{| —posst

perity financially i in-@ com-

. munity is the meeting of.
' liabilities, and the clearing off
etc.
-Inquiries made by some of |

of mortgages; notes,

“country ‘must suffer - a. “a_relapse, and: - straightway return to a
state of inactivity and hard times. The grain shipments have |

They are. economizing but : -

The condition of Western Canada at the close-of 1915 is’one of
optimistic prosperity, backed by the same determination of .

The trade revival of Western Canada is the happiest feature in ~

the loan companies indicate -

that conditions in this respect
are of a highly satisfactory
nature,

The representative of one
large loan company which
does a big business covering a

’ large area in the West, states

that over 80 per cent of the
atrears owing a short time
ago had -recently core in.
Farmers are‘not only clean-
ing up. their liabilities so far

. a8 the interest is concerned,

but they are very keen to
pay up their principal, and
insist upon it being taken.
This is a condition that is
to be found gah through
Western Canada. And why
not? With almost every far-
mer having a crop of wheat
of from 30 to 40 bushels per

acre, and realizing from
$27.00 to $36.00-per acre in
cash, and on land-that cost

him ‘probably less than half
this—why shouldn’t he be in
comfortable circumstances?

. . ye
_ WESTERN CANADA’S 1915 CROP AVERAGES $1500 TO EACH FARMER

WHAT THE SOIL WILL PRODUCE CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

HE soil in western Canada is, generally speaking, a black N important consideration to those who are not familiar

or brown chocolate loam with a elay subsoil, and is con- with the country is the question-of climate, which has
-eeded to be: the best cereal producer ‘in the world, and, often been much- misrepresented. A former Governor-
incidentally, it is quite easily cultivated, as the country for the | General of Canada, the Marquis of Lorne, once said; ‘The climate
greater part is open. It will grow successfully anything in the | has honest heat-in summer and honest cold in winter. _ The sun

‘ grades of other countries.

> provinces "is not so high as that.

| shape of grain, grasses, fruits
and roots that can be raised
in the western part of the
United States, with the pos-
sible exception of field corn
-and a few of the more tender
varieties of garden, truck’and

is seldom hidden, and men
see many seasons and are
healthy, strong and active.”
Owing to the dryness of the
. atmosphere and the amount
of sunshine, ‘people do not
mind the cold as much as

oy
i>

In some of the newer districts of Western Canada are to be found attractive spots for mixed farming. Mixed farming can be carried on
with the greatest degree of success, with Pleasure and profit, .

fruits. These. latter will, however, very soon be raised in
great quantities and with equal résults to those obtained in
the older settled districts of the east and south. It is but a
matter of having the-land settled and brought under cultiva-
tion, in this way ghanging climatic conditions by turning over
the soil to the sun’s rays. The principal and most profitable
crop now grown is wheat. The quality of this product of

western Canada has been amply demonstrated by the flour.

milling concerns of Canada, the United States, and,:in fact,
the world, the better grade of flour being obtained by mixing
Canadian No. 1 Hard wheat with the softer
The soil will raise
anything up to fifty bushels of wheat per acre,
though the average for the three prairie

“Oats are also a very rich crop, heavy yields
being the rule. In some districts that are
specially adapted for the growing of this cereal,
great success is met with. Other very suc-
cessful-and important crops are flax and barley.
Rye and peas also have a very luxuriant .
growth. Potatoes are Very éasily grown, as
are turnips, mangels, and all field crops of a
kindred nature.

Frujt growing is receiving some attention in
the more thickly settled districts and those giving it their time

- are reaping a handsome reward. Apples and plums, though not

grown. extensively, have in many sections of the west matured in
season and~are’ of good quality. “Raspberries, strawberries, and

” currants of various varieties are receiving considerable attention,

and a great number of “farmers are. growing them for the market,
which in this case, as in most all othér~ lines, is much greater
than the supply, thus always assuring good priées.-~
The productiveness of the soil, and the easy terms ‘upon

which land may be acquired me the government, or purchased,

guarantee the success of the man who is willing to work and
take advantage .of the possibilities that Western Canada affords.

| ¥

Hon, Dr. Roche has; given
official denial to the statement
that there’ is conscription in
Canada or likely to be.
but Canadian citizens could
possibly be included,

takes three years’ residence to
|—-become-such:—iveither is-there
any War Tax on land, There _
is no tax of any kind on stock, *
chattels or improvements on .
farms.

f
the readings of the thermometer might lead the inexperienced
to believe. Ordinary, healthy, people- enjoy it, but in winter
they wear good warm clothing out of doors.

- The climate of parts of Alberta, even far north of Peace River
valley, is much modified by the chinook winds, which, tempered
by the warm Japanese current of the north Pacific, blow through
the passes of the Rocky Mountains. and” sometimes, even in
mid-winter, make the climate extremely mild.- In'an ordinary
season, horses and cattle thrive on the open ranges all winter,
though provident farmers keep a supply of hay on hand for
all emergencies. ;

Considered broadly, the summers of. the
Sosy Canadian West are characterized by high day |
temperatures and ah abundance of sunshine,
the -winters by clear, cold weather. Usually

None spring advances very rapidly, for though the

: mean temperature during April‘and May. may

and it be in - the neighbourhood of 35°, the daily
x m-would-be-at-least-102-to-12° higher —

The annual precipitation over the whole area
is comparatively light, but is somewhat greater
for the first-than for the second and third
prairie levels. In ageneral way, the rainfall
becomes lighter as we proceed westward. The
greater part of therain over the district, however,
falls during the growing season, and hence is particularly effective
agriculturally. The distribution has been found one that, for the
most part, is well adapted to the production of the finest quality
of wheat. In considering the climate ‘of. the Canadian prairies, -
the fact should not be 1é&t sight of that, although the total -
annual precipitation. averages only 13.35 inches for the provinces
of Saskatchewan and Alberta and 17.34 inches for Manitoba,
the amount falling between April 1 and October 1 is
respectively 9.39 inches and 12,87 inches, or 70.3 and 74.2
per cent of the whole. The average, 12.87 inches, in Manitoba
is not far short, of the average. for Ontario during the same
six months,

Pars

‘é Ds oo

CANADA

WES T 9

SUCCESS ACHIEVED BY VARIOUS METHODS

HE new man is not looked upon as an intruder but as a

| producer of new wealth, an enricher of the commonwealth.

The new man should buy his tools as he needs them.

Until he has more than thirty acres under crop he can work

with a neighbour, in exchange for the services of » binder.

-A cow is a good investment, and a vegetable garden easily
pays its own way.

The Man Who Has Less. Than $300.—Had better ‘work for
wages for the first year. He can hire out to established farmers
and thereby gain a knowledge of agricultural methods.

‘ The Man Who Has $600.—Get hold of your 160-sere free”
homestead at once, buijd your shack, and proceed with your
_ homestead duties. During the six months'that you are free to
absent yourself from your homestead, hire.out to some successful
farmer and get enough to tide you over the other half of the
year which you must spend in residence upon the land. When
” you have put in six months’ residence during each of these ‘years
and have complied with the improvement conditions required
by the Land Act, you become the absolute owner.

The Man Who Has $1,000.—Either homestead a farm or
purchase one on the installment plan, and get to work at once.
A small house and out-buildings will be required, with horses
or oxen, 2 plough, a wagon, etc. Working out in the harvest
season will be necessary to bring in money to tide over the winter

a T. Lewis, of Chas. Lewis & Co., Minneapolis, . one
of the largest grain brokerage firms in the United States
BLYS:

“It looks to me as if Canada was in for a big boom.”

and get” the crop'sown in good condition. As the crop grows,
opportunity is given to make the house comfortable, to look
around and plab ahead.

What $1 500 Will Buy.—No farmer should come expecting
to make a homestead pay its own way the first year. . He needs
buildiigs, an equipment, and money for the maintenance of
himself and family until his first harvest can be garnered.
After securing his land and putting up his buildings, $1,500.
_will give’ him a fairly good equipment to begin with. This will
probably be expended as follows: : .
4 milch cows at $65..

3 good horses;.......... $475.00 . .. 260. oo
1% set: harness . 45,00 4 hogs at $15 ........ 60,00
1 combination plough.... 30.00 4 sheep at $8........, 32.00
1 disc harrow,.......... 36.00 poultry..........604 10.00
1 drag harrow.........- 18.00 miscellaneous tools... 20.00
L seeder... 0. cece eee eee 90.00 100 bushels oats at 40cts. 40.00
1 mower..........0025 65.00 10 bu. seed potatoesat$l 10.00
lrake...,.... ... 30.00 seed wheat and oats 100. 60
1 strong-wagon......... 94.00 unforeseen items.

: Leet sleighs.0.......... 25.00 "Total........., 131, 500. 00

If the settler locates early in the season he ma’

get in a crop of potatoes or oats in May or early

June. -

Will a Quarter-Section Pay?—“ Will the tilling
of a quarter of a section (160 acres) pay?” when
asked of those who have tried
it provokes the invariable an-.
swer that “It will and does
pay.” “We, or those follow-
ing us, will make less than that
pay,” said one who bad proved
up on a homestead. Another
pointed to the fact that many
‘of those who commenced on
homesteads are now owners of
other quarters—and even larg-.
er areas, showing that they
have progressed in obtaining
more land, while others still
have stuck to the homestead
quarter-section. -

, es y ;
These horses have never been stabled , ° sy

Shall You Buy, Rent or Homestead?—The question i8 one
that Canadian Government officials are- frequently asked,
especially in the homes of a family of boys who have become
interested in western Canada. If the young man has grit and
inexperience let him homestead. Treating this subjech#in a
newspaper article, a correspondent very tersely says, ‘““He will
survive the ordeal and gain his experience at less cost.”

Another has ample-knowledge of farming practice, experience
in farm management, ‘but Iacks pluck and staying power
and the capacity to ‘endure. The food for thought and
opportunity for action provided by the management of an
improved farm would be just the stimulus required to make
him settle into harness and work out his own salvation.

Many men make excellent, progressive, broad-gauge farmers
by renting or buying an improved. farm in a settled
district and keeping in touch with more advanced thought
and methods. *, :

Every Young Man Wants a Farm For Himself. There —
is an unprecedented demand for farm labour in Western |
Canada. Wages from $30 to $40 a month, with board .

and lodging during spring, summer and fall seasons. -
A young man’s earnings and experience should in two years
establish him on a homestead, thereby soon’ becoming
one of f Canada’s prosperous and contented settlers.

Let the boy. take the route that appeals to him. Don’t force |
him to homestead if he pines to rent.
at home if homesteading looks good to him. The thing ‘to
remember is that suecess may be achieved by any one of the
three routes. Tf the foundation is all right, hard work the
method, and thorotighness the motto, it makes little difference
what road is taken—whether homesteading,
renting —~ western Canada is big enough, and good farming
profitable enough.

It is not only in cereals that the Western Provinces of Canada
make such a wonderful showing, but the possibilities in other:
ways are great. The success of the vegetable crops has awak-
ened a new interest in the possibilities of canning vegetables for
export, and it is not unlikely that future years-will see some of
the largest vegetable Ganneries on the continent located in the
prairie provinces.” Manitoba, Saskatchewan cand Alberta are
-contributing largely to the dressed meat exports of the Dominion,
the picking plants of the | prairie provinces are faSé becoming of

“been made to impress upon the agriculturists of
Manitoba,Saskatchewan and Alberta the importance
of increasing the dairy output, so that there will be
sufficient production’ to permit of export. They can

tities as would permit of enor-
mous exports of butter and
cheese, and unlimited markets
are available all over the world.

= ;
NO PASSPORT isfre- |

quired on entering or leav-
ing , Canada. Every fa~
cility is accorded desir-
! able settlers to secure
best information .as to
location of homesteads.

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buying, or.

do the producing in such quan- .

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Threshing a 45-Bushel to the Acre Wheat Crop

Authentic Reports F rom All Parts

bushels to the acre wheat crops are almost incredible. The names
and addresses of many Western Canadian farmers who have harvested
these yields are given. To those who cannot believe these reports,
it is suggested that they communicate direct with any of the farmers in Canada,

TT THE average Amercan farmer, the reports of forty, fifty and sixty

and get further convincing proof that Western Canada ts the prize grain belt +

of the world—championship holder of both quality and quantity records.
Wheat Over Six Feet High.—M. N. Cadwell, of Windom, Cottonwood

County, Minnesota, in a letter published in the Windom Reporter says:
“In western Saskatchewan we found the oat harvest about done, and a wheat

crop ready for harvest that made a good yield of from 25 to 65 bushels per acre.

Some wheat that was sown‘on stubble, nothing done only sown with a drill, ,

made a yield of from 25 to 35 bushels per acre. Oats the same, 50 bushels
peracre. Idrove the binder twelve Savsgepoms of the wheat was very thick
and stood over six feet high.”

Big Yields Have Made Him Independent. Win. H. Simpson of Minburn,
Alberta, started on a homestead seven years ago bringing 41, 000 worth of
settlers’ effects. To-day he has 527 acres of land worth 1 $25 to $30 per acré
and good buildings. The land, stock and cash would be worth around $20,000
to $1,000 seven years ago, and the most crop he had jn any one year was 150
acres. He always worked his land well and got well paid for it.

Started with Nothing—Now Clears $2,000 Annually.—F. D. Yager of
Kenaston, Sask., states: ‘I came to this country in the spring; 1906, from
Chicago, with practically nothing. I took up a homestead which I proved up
and then bought three quarter-sections which Iam now farming. It is all
under cultivation and I clear about $2,000 every year. I have put about
83,500 worth of impravements on the land in the shape of buildings and
have one of the finest homes in the northwest. My land has doubled in value
in the last six years but itis notforsale. The climate in this part of Canada I
think fs the healthiest in the world, and the winters getting mildet every year.”

An ex-Pennsyivanian Wants More Neighbours.— Writing in April, 1915,
{before he threshed his bountiful crop in the fall) wrote: ‘‘I have proved up
on one quarter and have eighty acres ready for crop and have four good horses,
and if I get a good crop this year will be out of debt. Where could you go to
do that in four years, starting without any money?

. “J was raised in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the garden spot of that
State, and this has just as good a chance to be as good. All we need Isa lot
more farmers.” Charles E. Reel, of Youngstown, Alta. -

1914 Wheat Averaged 59 Bushels and in 1915 Went 45 to the Acre.—
W. McIlvide & Sons of Rumsey, Alberta, in a letter dated December 14,
1915, says: “In 1914 we had 59 bushels of wheat to the acre, and 87 bushels
of oats. In 1915 our wheat went 45 bushels to the acre, and oats went 2
little over 90 bushels, just drilled in on stubble and harrowed once. This
was on the samé land that the wheat was raised on in 1914. . In 1913 the
wheat went 43 bushels to the acre,

“We camo here with one team of oxen, one team of horses, and machinery.

. At that time we had six head of cattle, now we have 52 head of horses and
48 head of cattle besides what we have sold each year. We had 350 acres
in crop this ‘year, and have 580 acres ready for crop next year.

_ “We value our holdings at $50,000. This has all been made right on the
land. Our wheat graded for 1913 to 1915 No. 1.”

Never Had a Crop Faiture.—August Pearson of Rumsey, Alberta, has
every reason to feel satisfied he moved to Western Canada. He says: “I
homesteaded here in 1909 and had nothing at all. Now I havea wellfmproved
place, mostly broken up, and 11 head of horses. I am worth about $8,000.
Since I came here I have not had a crop failure, and if this land is farmed right
a person is practically sure of a good crop every year. In 1913 my wheat
went 35 bushels per acre, in 1914 it went 43 busbels, and in 1915, 44
bushels. My oats also went 75 bushels to the acre.’

Wheat Averaged 47 Bushels to the Acre.—A nefghbour of Pearson's
writes as follows: ‘‘I eame in here in 1903 and took a homestead and have
bought three quarters of land since then. J have been raising stock and
found this an A.l stock country. The last six years Phave been growing grain
ag well. I never had a crop failure, wheat has averaged 30 bushels per acre
and oats 80 bushels during this time. In 1915 my wheat went 47 bushels
and in 1914 a little over 30 bushels.” ,

+ pounds from an acre.

Started Farming with $32.—Ole Stensrud of Weldon, Sask., has proved
that by working and saving a man can start farming with a small capital.
He writes: ‘After filing on my homestead I had $32 cash. I now havea
half-section of land with 100 acres broken, 28 head cattle, 27 sheep, 9 horses
14 hogs, implements * “enough to do my work, and am on a fair financial ;
standing.” °

Wants Others to Reap Profits, Valdemar Mortenson and his brothers.
went to Western Canada in 1908, worked out as hired hands, and eventually - -
homesteaded at Delia, Alberta. Mr. Mortenson says: —

“We have 245 acres under cultivation—all Splendid wheat land~and are
increasing the cultivated area each year. We have 30 head of horses, full
equipment of implements and machinery, and do not owe a cent to anybody.
We had a surplus of about $1,000 fast year and have nearly all of the 1914 .
crop of wheat and oats in our granary yet; worth from $2,500 to $3,000. We
have not speculated in anything, but earned our start by our own labour.
Had we embraced the very great opportunities our district affords for making
money through cattle and hog raising, we could have made a good many
thousand dollars in-the 634 years we have been here with very little additional
effort, but as things are we have reason to be satisfied.

“When I look back over the narrow span of 634 years which it has
taken to gain a comparative independence here, I realize that if the great
opportunities of this West of ours were more widely known, many would seek
homes here which they can never hope to gain elsewhere. Many people who
came here five or six years ago, with no other capital than their ability and
willingness to work, own their own homes and farms to-day, but those who
had some money have generally done better in proportion.’’

64} Bushels of Wheat to the Acre.—L. F. Zaczkowski of Spring Lake,

Alberta, got 6414 bushels of wheat per acre from 12 measured acres. His land~
was manured and summer-fallowed, ploughing six-inches deep. It was harrow-
ed over four times, seeded on the 6th of April, two and 3 half bushels ‘per |
acre.

Had 93 Bushels of Oats to the Acre,—"In 1915 I sowed 43 acres of
wheat from which I got 1,200 bushels of wheat, which is 27 bushels and 39
Had 17 acres of oats but threshed only 8 acres, from
which I got 650 bushels, an average of 93 bushels to the acre. Ten acres I
stacked-for green feed. Jacob Goetz, (formerly of South Dakota) now of

_Plapot, Sask,”

Wheat 40 to 55 bushels to the acre.—A former American, now a tesi-’”
dent of Golden Prairie, Sask., says:

“This year the crops were immense. In our locality wheat went from
40 to 55 bushels per acre, oats about 80-bushels on an average. We had
about 100 bushels of potatoes on about a quarter-acre of ground. Gardens -
were fine all over, I picked out 12 potatoes,that weighed 30 pounds and
this potato patch was cultivated only once. ‘Last winter I turned the
horses out to rustle their living and they were in fine shape in the spring. But
I had a fine patch of corn this year and some corn-fatiened hogs too. There
are schools in almost every district now. When I first came up here on almost
every half-section stood a little 12x14 shack, now almost everyone has real
modern houses and barns. Since I have been here there has been no ‘snow

- to stay until after Christmas. Horace Blake.” ’

Large Yields Common in All Parts.——_While on bis recent visit to Travers,
Alberta, Canada, Robert Mathews obtained the following statements from
farmers in the Travers district of the yield of their crop for the past season:

‘J. H. Hooker, 82 acres wheat, 3,820 bu., 64 ibs. per bu.

I. I. Lee, 40 acres wheat stubble, 1 500 bu.; 40 acres wheat, summer
fallow, 2,530 bu. of wheat.

Peter Brandon, 164 acres Wheat, 7,361 bu.

R. Marandi, 135 acres wheat, 6.920 bu.

Ole. Chrestoferson, 50 acres wheat, 2,647 bu.

Arufhus Gavett, 155 acres wheat, 6,642 bu.; 30 acres dats, 2,000 bu.

Robert Mathews. 46 acres wheat. 2 2,016 bu. machine measure.

A. H. Dahl, 50 acres wheat, 1,850 bu.

D. Dunbar, 130 acres wheat, 5,925 b

Inguald Hoppy, 80 acres wheat, 2, 800. bu., all stubble.
. Louis Kragt, 80 acres wheat, 4,000 bu.

W. J: Pate, 26 acres wheat, 980 bu.

“ow W. Roeniche, 15 acres wheat, 5,337 bu., 80 of this stubble.

C. McKinnon, 50 acres wheat, 2,536 bu.
Gordon Swinehart, 30 acres wheat, 2s 140 bu.
Albert Hanson, 85 acres wheat, 3.760 bu.
Eimer Hamm, 110 acres wheat, 5, 183 Du.; 90 acres oats, 6,550 bu...
~ John Larson, 80 acres wheat, 3,000 bu.; 30 acres oats, 2, 060 bu
John Hecklin, 37 acres wheat, 1,484 bu.
. Wm..Hecklin, 100 acres wheat, 3.376 bu. stubble and breaking.
O. Salisbury, 50 acres wheat, 1,600 bu. on breaking.
The above statements here made in my presence this 0th day of December,»

1915,
. (Seal) 0. Salisbury, Notary Public.

AVERAGE YIELDS—Wheat, 26.3 Bushels; Oats, 47.7 Bushels.

A PROVINCE OF MUCH AGRICULTURAL STABILITY AND PROSPERITY
Tis total wheat production of Manitoba i in 1915 was 97 ‘million bushels, from 3,660,930 acres, or an n average yield of 26.3

bushels. The total yield of 1914 was 31,947,608 bushels.
Wheat yields averaging 40 bushels per acre for whole districts were common.
the province.

‘for a district were reported from -every section of
yielded 60 to 70 bushels per acre.

Yields of 30 and 35 bushels per acre
Individual yields of summer-fallow, potato land or breaking

Oats in several districts are said to have averaged: ‘80 to 100 bishels per acre. The total oats crop for 1915 was 101 million

bushels and the average per acre 47.7 bushels.

The total barley crop was 35,281, 095 bushels with dn average yield of 34 bushels per acre.

SOME OF THE INDIVIDUAL YIELDS |

Gladstone.— Wheat in this district averaged all the way, Ps 25 to 50
‘bushels an acre, some running over 50. One field of new land iS ‘reported to
have produced 70 bushels of wheat per acre and many entire quarter-sections
averaged 40 bushels. Fields averaging 50 bushels were not exceptional.

Fortier.—A farm here, which had been allowed to run down and get into
an unprofitable condition, passed into the hands of a new owner who worked

‘it on careful, sclentific principles this year and had an average wheat crop on
the entire farm of 56 bushels an acre—one small ficld averaged. 72. °

Emerson.—Fifty-six and a half bushels to the acre was the average wheat
crop realized from a field on a farm here.

Winnipeg.—A field of Marquis wheat on the ‘farm of the Manitoba Agri-
cultural College gave a yield of 63 bushels per acre. -

Morris.—A 10-acre fleld of wheat at Morris\- Manitoba, produced 630
bushels, while an oat field at the same place yielded {23 ‘bushels per acre.

Brandon.—Numerous reports of 50 bushels of wheat per acre are to hand,
and Some even higher are heard of.

Dauphin.—Four and one-fourth acres of wheat two miles from this town,
ylelded 326 bushels of wheat, an average of 76.7 bushels per acre.

’ Manitou.—G. E. Davidson had 36 acres of breaking and 14 acres older
land. He got 2,186 bushels of wheat, over 43 bushels per acre.

Wm. Sharp, formerly Member of Parliament for Lisgar, Manitoba, had 80
acres of wheat on his farm neat Manitou, Manitoba, that went 53 bushels.

One of the most remarkable yields in this old settled portion of Manitoba
was that of P, Scharf of Manitou, who threshed from 15 acres the phenomenal
yield of 73 bushels per acre. é

Darlingford.—Walter Tichnor had 3,514 bushels off a 60-acre field, or
over 5834 bushels per acre. Forty acyes was breaking and 20 acres fallow.

Bowsman.—G. Smith-had 55 bushels per acre of ‘oats from 109 acres.

- Beulah.—wW. Saward, 38 bushels Wheat from 167 acres and 70 bushels
“oats from an 80 acre field.

_ Bridge Creek.—E. W. Nicholson gots 40 bushels
wheat per acre from 380 acres. .
Neepawa:—S. Benton, 30 acres average’ wheat from

810 acres and his oats went 66 bushels per acre.
Grandview.-LJ. Brothers’ wheat went 35 bushels

ber acre from a 75-acre field.

Aa ‘Eastern Cepia looking over his investments i in Western Canada.

of 60 bushels per acre in 915, °

| Bruakild.—J. Epler's wheat went 31 bushels per acre, his oats 50. W-:
‘Coersch had 46 bushels per acre from 80 acres wheat. W. Kabitenzig had
35 bushels from 300 acres wheat; his oats went 45 bushels per acre. a

Dunrea.—R. Dunlop had 36' bushels wheat per acre from 135 acres, and
40 bushels of oats as an average from 75 acres.

Sperling.—J. Grundler's wheat went 52 bushels per acre from an 80-acre
field, and his oats went 97 bushels per acre, J. L. Hamilton had 86 acres
of wheat that yielded well, while his oats averaged 45 bushels.

Shellmouth.—J. L. Bryant's 15 acres of wheat averaged 50 bushels.‘
R- W. Patterson’s average on 175 acres was 30 bushels; his oats went 52 bushels.

‘ rs Kennville.——-W. Loat had 203 acres of wheat that averaged 43.50 bushels
“{f pér acre. His oats went 65 bushels. ms

Assissippi.—F. G. Richardson’s average of wheat on 150 acres was 40
bushels per acre,

Gilbert Plains.—-F. Morris had 232 acres of wheat, average 36 bushels;
oats, 110 acres, average 50 bushels. J. Gordon’s wheat averaged 40 bushels
on 65 acres, and his oats 55 bushels on 90 acres. . .,

Gregg.~—Foster Olmsted had 45 bushels of wheat per acres G. A. Edwards,
40 and A. McFarlane, 40.

FROM ONE YEAR’S CROP HE PAID FOR HIS LAND IN
WESTERN CANADA
An Illinois farmer owned a large quantity of land near Culross, Manitoba.
He decided to put one thousand acres of it under wheat. His own story.

written to Mr. GC. J. Broughton, Canadian Government Agent at Chicago is . ~

interesting.
. “I had 1,000 acres in wheat near Culross, Manitoba. I threshed 34,000
bushels, being an°average of 34 bushels to‘the acre. ‘Last spring I sold my
foreman, Mr. F. L. Hill, 240 acres of land for $9,000 or $37.50 per acre. He
had saved up about $1,000 which he could buy seed with,-and have the land.
harrowed, drilled and harvested, and put in stock or shock.

“As a first payment I was to take all the crops raised. When ho threshed he
had 8, 300 bushels of wheat, which is worth in all $1:00 per bushel, thereby paying
forall theland that wasin wheatand more too, there being
only 200 acresincrop. If the 240 acres had all been in
wheat he could have paid for it all and had money left.”

That is a story that will need no corroboration In
this year when no matter which way you turn, you learn
of farmérs who had even higher yields than these. -

He bas here a field

of wheat of go0acres that gave him a yield of upwards _

_16 CANADA

WUE 5 T.

MANITOBA ENJOYS PROSPERITY BROUGHT ABOUT BY RICHNESS OF ITS SOIL

the most important feature in this prov-

ince and more especially in the Red River
valley proper. However, recent years have wite
nessed a change. More and more stock is being
kept and the tendency is, undoubtedly, largely
towards smaller holdings, that is, diversified farm-
ing. Dairying and the production of beef, mutton
and pork are already prosecuted with profit in
many sections. Grass, roots and all classes of
forage crops can be grown successfully. Of the
cereals wheat.is the staple, but oats, barley and
flax are also largely grown.

Climate.—Manitoba's climatic conditions are
uniform throughout. There is much sunshine the
year round. The summer is pleasant, warm, and
conducive to rapld and successful growth. The
long autumns are usually agreeable, ploughing
weather sometimes extending to the end of
November.

The winters rarely last ‘more than three or four
months, and because of the dry atmosphere, the of
low temperature is not as much felt as in countries
with more moisture. The precipitation at
Minnedosa is 17.62 while that at Winnipeg it is 21.88. This may be
said to be normal.

The crop season in Manitoba extends from April to October, ‘fnclusive.
Seeding frequently starts early in April, and threshing usually lasts through
October. The mean temperature for the period, April 1 to September 30, in
1914 wag 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The mean temperature in October was only
34.40 Fahrenheit, but threshing can be done in cold weather as readily as {n
warm, with no injurious effects. The total precipitation in the province was
smaller than usual—for-the growing season 9.67 inches, but rain was well dis-
tributed: May 1.04 inches; June 2.34 inches; July 1.70 inches; August 3.56
inches, and September .68 inch. The average sunshine was 7.3 hours daily.
The mean temperature of the country is 32.7; January 5.2; July 66. 1.

Available Homesteads.—There are about two million acres open for free
homesteading in the old portion of the province, where there is ample tree
growth to provide fuel and timber for a long time to come.

With conditions such as these, and with a grain crop that has brought to
every mgn, woman and child in the province upwards of 350 dollars, with land ©
that can be purchased from large land companies ‘and from the railway com-

panies at remarkably low figures, some of them improved and others raw
prairie, any of them easily worth double, what more reasonable or pleasurable
existence could be imagined than life on one of these Manitoba farms.

And then, if you wish you may take advantage of the homesteading act
which gives you the privilege of taking up 160 acres of land asa free gift from the
Government, the only payment being the ten dollars’ entry fee.

Fuel.—-There is an ample supply of wood along most of the rivers and in the
hills to the north, the wooded area to the east and also in the hills throughout
Southern Manitoba. Coal is not expensive. Many farm homes that a few
years ago were surrounded by but the open prairie have beconia bedutified by
the planting of rows of trees and shrubs. Supplies of trees may be had from
the Government without any expense to the applicant.

Investment in Manitoba Farms.—Some idea of the growth of the
province may be obtained from the fact that the farms of Manitoba are worth
today approximately, $600,000,000. In 1911 they were worth $463,000,000.
Of the present six hundred millions the value of the farm lands now occupied
in the province is estimated at $425,000, 000;~.
which is an increase of about $125,000,000 over
1911., The farm biildings in the province total.
2 value of $100,000,000, while agricultural imple-
ments in use in the province total a value of
about $35,000,000. The value of live stock is
placed at about $75,000, 000: ~ .

Land Area in Manitoba.—The land area of .
Manitoba is about 250,000 sauare miles, which is
enough to give a square mile of land to 250,000
settlers, or sufficient to give a quarter-section to
three times that number. Government estimates
place the arable land still available in Manitoba
at 74,216,000 acres, which is suffictent to give ,
quarter-sections to 463,825 new settlers. a

With land still available in 160-acre parcels for
over, 463,000 agricultural settlers, it is possible | -
to increase the total population of the province by.
‘nearly two million people without crowding and to
increase the agricultural productionens t the province
several hundred per cent. .

Boot and Fodder Crops are of P onsticnine valtie
to the Manitoba farmers. They grow in splendid
abundance. Every farmer can have a 00d supply

for Winky feed | _

Gu growing is and will probably remain

the oats.

This picture was specially posed to show the height

It is needless to say that the
yield in this field was exceedingly large.

Harvest labour becomes a Pleasure when the
yield is a 40 bushel to the acre wheat stop.”

‘Pasture Grasses.—The wild or native grass of
Manitoba contains all the properties for fattening
cattle, but it is found that on lands that are
becoming more expensive all the time, it is best to
provide cultivated fodders. The experimental
stage Is passed, and it can safely be said that all
kinds of tame grasses can be grown successfully.

Alfalfa -ylelds abundantly. The same methods
of seeding and preparation are followed as in the
older alfalfa districts of the south. While the same
number of cuttings caithot always be relied upon,
as in some of the southern countries, where irriga-
tion is used, an excellent tonnage is alwys secured,

Corn Can Be Grown.—Manitoba is now pro-
ducing considerable corn, chicfly“for feeding”
purposes. In some cases where the crop can be
matured into the dough stage, silos could be used,
and would be a profitable investment.

A report of the Department of Agriculture for
1915 says:

“Tt is unfortunate that tle corn crop this year
must be reported “a partial failure. The late spring
frost in June and the early fail frost in August were ~

. sufficiently severe to cut back the crop beyond
recovery in many cases. The seriousness of this situation can be appreciated
when it is noted that the area planted to corn had increased from 30,430 acres
in 1914 to 52,713 acres in 1915. While tho condition this year. cannot fail
to create a disappointment among some farmers regarding corn, this crop {fs -
so firmly established in many of.the older districts that it will continue
to increase in popularity.”

-In connection with fodder crops comes in the question of:

Dairying.—-It was not until the past few years that the attention was given
to this that-the success to which it has now attained warranted it should have
had. The time of the farmer was entirely given to grain ralsing, and no
matter how rich a soil may be, a,constant drainage of the constituents must
sooner or later tell. The farmers of Manitoba today do not dwell upon the
results of their grain crops. They have gone into cattle raising very extensively,
and there are to be found some of the best herds of the important breeds on the
continent. These are both beef and dairy. There are creameries established
in different parts of the province.

Manitoba produced during 1915 about 10,000, 000 pounds of butter, which .
had_a value of $2,648,000.

The cheese production fn this province for 1915 totalled about 726,725
pounds, valued at about $109,000. This shows an increase of about 234,000
pounds over 1910, the cheese production of that year being valued at $33,364,

The total cheese, butter and milk and cream production of the > provines:

-was worth $3,845,000.

Hogs.—The cost of raising pork in Manitoba is probably Jess than in any
other portion of the continent. There is a splendid market far all that can be
produced. The principal feed for finishing is barley, which by many is con-
sidered to be equally as good ‘as corn.

Cattle:—The demand for cattle for years will be great, and there is no
better place to go into the business of raising cattle than in the Province of
Manitoba.’ They require no more care on the reasonably-priced lands of this
country than they do on the higher-priced lands of the south. They graze
out from the 1st of April until the middle of November, and during the winter
months are housed at night only. .All breeds do well, and a choice is

only according te the notion of :the breeder's

fancy.

. Poultry.—One of the largest poultry yards in
the Dominion, in fact the largest north of Chicago,
is near Winnipeg. It has been a paying proposition -
from the start. Evéry farmer keeps his flocks of
turkeys, geese and chickens; or, should we have
said nearly every farmer’s wife, for it seems to
have fallen to the lot of the farmer's wife, for here,
as in almost every farming district, it seems to

have fallen to her lot to look after this very
profitable part of the farmers’ industries. dt gives
her pleasure and affords her profit.

Fruit.—All the smaller fruits, such as straw-
berries, raspberries, gooseberries, and currants can
be grown successfully, and with a better favour
and in larger quantities than in most other
places. They also grow wild in great abundance.
Crabapples can be grown almost anywhere. The
larger varieties of apples are grown, and excellent
yields are reported from points in Southern
Manitoba. Commercially, it is not thought it
will pay as they require time and attention
that would be more. profitably employed in
other " Dursults. -

CANADA WEST oy

“MANITOBA'S* SOCIAL CONDITIONS MAKE FARM
LIFE ENJOYABLE

The Social Conditions. The representative of the Dominion Govern- | the telephone system, places the farmer day by day and hour by hour in the
ment, whose work Is to seek settlers for these newer portions of the great | closest touch with his eighbour and the outside markets of the world.
Dominion, is never so pleased as when he meets a prospective settler who asks Graded roads are to be found in all parts where the native or prairie road
about the social conditions. That means he is talking to 4 prospect who has | fails to give satisfaction. -Streams are often bridged with steel structures.
wife and family and whose interest in life is beyond that of a mere existence. | Markets are convenient and there is probably no state in the Union where the
Manitoba to this man can offer all that he may require.- There are schools | farmer is so well served by the raflways. Very few farmers, as one may
for the children, graduated into those for seé by a glance at the map, are more than
higher education for maturer years, until * ten to fifteen miles from a railway. .
it comes to the very highest branches of Elevators are at every. station, and in

education. A large portion of the expense . REA’ PPORTUNITIES FOR addition there are loading platforms, which
of these schools is paid out of a public G. To 0 tnay be used by the farmer who wishes to
fund, established from the interest of the YOUNG MEN ° -foad his grain direct to the car, and avoid
money _received from the sale of school the elevator charges.
lands. These school lands comprise one- With the exceptionally good roads, be-
eighteenth of all the land in the country. Western Canada requires a large number of fore spoken of, the farmer who wishes to
” Ladies’ colleges for the finishing educa- - young men for employment on farms, and no use an automobile, will find this one of the
tion of the daughters are provided. There ‘ able-bodied young man, understanding ordinary added pleasures to his farm life in Mani-
are churches of all denominations. farm work, need hunt for a position, ‘as steady toba. The sales made in the province dur-
Both Dominion and Provincial Govern- work may be easily obtained at $30 to $35 ing 1915 were exceptionally large, and the

ments have made ample provision for the greatest number was made to farmers.

education of the farmer, in the establish- per month, with board and lodging; during the The Soil.—Speakluig of the soll of Mant-
ment of an experimental farm at Brandon spring, summer and fall seasons. This is an || toba, Dr. Geo. M. Dawson, the eminent
and the splendid Agricultural College at opportunity to earn money while looking around geologist wrote some years ago: ;

Winnipeg. The best talent avallable is for a free homestead of 160 acres, which you “ Of the alluvial prairle, the uniform fer-

: tility of its soll cannot be exaggerated.
of obtaining a more thorough education in can secure upon the payment of a ten dollar | . The surface, for a depth of two to four
agronomy are amongst the best possible. entry fee, and at the same time become feet, is a dark mould, composed of the same
~ Inthe matter ofeducational facilities the acquainted with farming conditions as they are” material as the subsoil, but mingled with

ve no fear that in Mani- : : : : much vegetable matter. ark colour {s
ae prapenniad ha th Do-deprived of educa, in Western Canada, and ultimately have a home no doubt due in part to the general accumu-
tional advantages; on the contrary, he will y
find the schools of Manitoba thoroughly social advantages, -. . prairie fires. The soil may be sald to be
up-to-date in equipment, the teachers com- ee ° ready for the plough, and, in turning the
petent and the courses carefully selected tough, thick prairie sod, the first year

employed, and the opportunities afforded

atid supervised. » . . , . . acrop of potatoes may be put in, though
" "The extent to which agri- Resuurs Carctvarap 7o Waran-Fare Basis it Is not suffelenthy broken
cultural instruction alongall AVAILABLE to a winter's frost. ‘When
lines has been developed un- AVATLABLE .
, der the direct supervision of oO ENTS. the sod has rotted, the soll.

appears as a light, friable
mould, easily worked and
most favourable for agricul-
ture. The marly alluvium
underlying the vegetable
mould would, in most coun-
tries, be considered .a soil .
of the'best quality, and the
fertility of the ground. may,
therefore, be considered’ as
practically inexhaustible.”

the Government is one of
the agreeable surprises that .
awajt the newcomer. The Locality -
Government is constantly
on the alert to help the
farmer in pracfical ways
nanat mogh dollars to him:
ya om nycparts of the
Brovinee tere is rural mail" | Morris, Man.......
‘delivery. which, added to Fortage la Prairie {Virgin brain goll black,
- a

Brandon. .
-/Brandon. . .
Dauphin, Man ....[Black sl loam
Valley River, Man.|Black sandy loam
Valley River, Man [Black sandy loam

Character of
; Soil

Organic and Volatile
Matter (Losson Ignition)
: Nitrogen

Potash (K20)

Lime (CaO)
Potash (K20)
Lime (CaO)

%o
Virgin prairie soil—black, heavy clay Joam 26. 29 1. 0
k, sandy loam : re 6

of your own surrounded by all agricultural and lation of the charred grasses left by the. |”

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CANADA

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Preparing the land, ploughing, discing, seeding and harvesting on a Western Canada farm °

SASKATCHEWAN

Average Wheat Yield, 1915, 25.2 Bushels; Oats, 45.9 Per Acre
Average Wheat Yield for 17 Years 18, 52 Bushels Per Acre

"CANADA'S GREATEST GRAIN GROWING PROVINCE

GRATIFYIN G feature of Saskatchewan's farm crop of 1915 was the general average ‘yield of wheat over the whole Province,
excepting probably the district north of Moose Jaw to the Saskatchewan River, where yields of upwards of sixty bushels

“per acre are reported. There was a universally heavy yield of oats in all districts, some going over 100 bushels to the
acre, while that.of barley was equally good. The prices were such that many farmers realized sufficient to pay for their farms out

of the acre crop, ani

felt justified i in purchasing land for further operations. .

WHEAT. —Acteage, 6 6,884,874 acres; average yield, 25.2 bushel&; total yield, 173, 723,775 bushels. oo

OATS.—Acreage, 2, 846;949 acres; average yield, 45.9 bushels; total yield, 130,910,048 bushels.
- BARLEY.—Acreage, 272,299 acres; average yield, 33.2 bushels; total yield, 9, 043,813 bushels.
FLAX.—Acreage, 539,674 acres; average-yield, 11.2 bushels; total yield, 6,060,499 bushels.

Moose Jaw.—A farmer of this district, who had already harvested 25,000
. bushels, completed early in November the threshing of 320 acres of wheat
which gave an average of 54 bushels per acre.

Lockwood.—Mr. W. D. Scott, Superintendent of Immigration, on his
farm near this place, had a yield of 45 bushels per acre, on a 23-acre field.
His entire crop of over 200 acres gave a yield of 35 bushels peracre. Yield of
oats was 58 bushels per acre.

Scott.—Reports from Scott Experimental station are that best crops in that
district yielded from 45 to 50 bushels of wheat per acre, with few fields yielding
below 30 bushels, Oats yielded well, but barley gave only medium returns,

* At the’Station, one field of ‘wheat yielded over 52 bushels
per acre, while other fields averaged well. _

. Swift Current.—From estimates made by farmers
the average wheat crop of the Swift Current district will
range from 25 to 30, bushels per acre. Some localities

“ claim averages of 35 bushels and higher.

‘Kindersley.—Ten acres of wheat land.carefully meas-

LAs ae ng 273

TORSO IEEE ae Te

‘o

tired out on an 10,000 acre farm
54 bushels to-the acre.

Saskatoon.—The yields” produced_ this year on the University Farm at
Saskatoon, while not phenomenal, are a very good index of what can be accom-
plished by proper farming methods without any exceptlonally-fayorable con-
ditions.
which was sawn to corn last season, The Jowest wheat yield recorded on’
breaking is 23 bushels, and the highest 37 bushels per acre; the lowest wheat

hgre yielded 54.10 bushels or a fraction over

Wheat oh the farm has ylelded this year 47 bushels per acre on land -

yleld on land that was “stubbled-in” is 17 bushels, and the highest 46 bushels ~

per acre; the lowest yield of: oats on.summer fallow is 77 bushels, and’ the
highest 94 bushels per acre; the lowest yield of barley s,

on ‘summer fallow.is 38 bushels, and the highest 51
bushels, while the lowest yield of peas on summer
fallow is 40 bushels.

from 107 different threshing outfits’ which form as

wheat was 53 bushels per acre.

The Dominion Lands agent at-this place says that. ~
many different points in the province the yield of “

-about 70 percent have

. 70 bushels per acre; 95 acres seeded on flax

. ’ .

ps in this district have been completely threshed and
een marketed, including as a total 390,000 busheis,
leaving about 200,000 remaining in the granaries. :

Two hundred and ten cars of wheat, one car of barley, three of oats and
two of: flax is the total number of cars shipped from here since September 1.

Shaunavon.—No wheatfield of this district has been recorded as averaging
less than 35 bushels to the acre while the majority run 40 to 47 and a very.
large percentage of the crop grades No. 1 Northern. One farmer had an
average of 47 bushels of wheat from 204 acres and another secured an average
of 45 bushels from a field which has been “‘stubbled-in’’.

Morse.—Thirfy-one bushels per acre from 70 acres sown on stubble and
56 bushels per acre from whole quarter-section on summer fallow are among
the yields recorded in this district. ‘ : :

Sovereign.—The certified yield on the farm of D. 5. Johnston, after careful
measurement shows wheat-returns—51 acres summer fallow, -58 bushels per
acre; 78 acres summer fallow, 63 bushels per acre; 34 acres summer fallow,
stubble, 55 bushels per acre; 128
acres on wheat stubble, 48 bushels per acre; 130 acres on fall ploughing, 40
bushels per acre; and 71 acres in flax yielded 30 bushels per acre.

Humboldt.—Threshing is revealing good yields throughout Humboldt
district. A Held of 100 acres Marquis wheat yielded 4,000 bushels and graded
No. 1 Northern. . 7

Markinch.-—The cro

‘per acre, M. Thebauit had 45 bushels per atre.

- _ CANADA, WEST: kB

per-acre, W. Mason‘

Young.—W. C. Teneycke had 50 bushels of wheat

and R. Cross each had 45 bushels per acre. - . ,
Gerald.—J. L. Salkeld had 52 bushels of, wheat-per acre, Chas. Jackson

had 48, and W. H. Tebb had 40, ne ; ve Kso
ZeIma.—John McPherson had 44 bushels of wheat, Jas. Byers_had 41,

and V. P. Byan had 85 bushels of cats per acre. ¥ =

_ Unity.—-C. W. Benjamin had 50 bushels of wheat and 85 bushels of oats -
T acre, George Sim had 52 bushels of wheat, C. E. Michael and W. J. Gra-
am.each had 100 bushels of oats, A. G. Young had 50 bushels of wheat and: *

100 bushels of oats. vt , an
Leney.—Robert Carr had 57 bushels of wheat, Frank Brown had 53,

R. H. Weir. had 48. - “OSS soy
Venn.—T. E. Evfen had 44% bushels of wheat, Tingey Bros. had 45, * |

bushels of wheat. . . uo ‘ .
Archydale.—A. Dalrymple and J: Morrison gach haq 40 bushels of wheat.

. Roletta.—P. G. Alger had 49 bushels of wheat and 100 bushels of oats,

I, Wilson had 49 bushels of wheat and 100 bushels of oats. OF :
Batileford.—A. E. Flack from 40 acres harvested 52 bushels of. wheat -

District |.Giain | Acte- |. Average | ~ Total’.

Kennedy.— Wheat in this district has averaged 32 bushels per acre and the Name _ age Yiel Yield
grade was high. oe _ . . . “ . : qa | . rae arene een
Alsask.— Wheat, fine sample, ‘yielding all the way from 25 to 60 bushels Bresnahar, J. 8...) Tompkins_..| Wheat-| 37-] 48 . bu] 1,776 bu. x,
per acre. . Lo , Shortreed, F. R... Sceptre Wheat. 2 80 bu. rer bu.
ve ‘ copper, P..-..--- ey... eat. . bu . iu.
_Melfort.—Wwheat averaged 30 bushels t? the acre, and showed a high Firnquist, 1. P.02| Stone 2777 ats 71116 bul . "812 bw.
q Yo. . : . 4 Lipsit, B. A.-2- @ncer. —.... Wheat_| 10 57 bu 570 bu.
Lloydminster.—Wheat in some places went 45 bushels, and oats 75 - Neigel, J vemececee Prussia___ heat} 420 .47.6 bu. | 19,992 bu.
-bushelsto the acre. The average for wheat will be about 25 bushels to the acre. Begley, Jas, ae Lemsford_...2 w heat 80 of bu . $ HA bu.
Elrose.-A half-section of wheat threshed here showed a total yleld of |, Anderson, A..._.- urgogne....] Wheat - 4 tu. E uu.
16,640 bushels, which is an average of 52 bushels per acre. ° : Macey + XH =~ Rosetown.... Wheat. 119 be 05 bu 3,720 bu.
“Indian Head.—The average per acre of wheat in summer fallow in this Strutt,.J.J3..... | Flaxcombe... Oats._.| 10 -} 100 bu 1/000 bu.
district was 30 bushels and for stubble 18.bushels of wheat per acre. . G..| Rosetown....| Oats_../ 15.51 116 bu 1800 bu. *

Eskbank.--W. P. McLachlan had 40 bushels of wheat.
Darmody.—John Ask had 42 bushels of wheat.
Gilroy.—-Chas. Lundy had 40 bushels of wheat.

Nokomis.—J. R. Durgan harvested 51 bushels of-wheat, A. G. McFarlane
had 48, W. J. Casterton had 47 bushels of wheat. .

Bremen.——G. Hoffman had 62 bushels of wheat and’1
‘Domremy.—J. Georges had 62 bushels of wheat.
Asquith.—T. Peat had 41 bushels of wheat. :
Pope.—Wm. Kerr had 62-bushels of wheat, S, Laird had 55.

Semans.—-H. W. A. Johnston had 4134 bushels of. wheat per acre, T.
Hawley had 47 bushels of wheat, J. G. McGouch had 4934 bushels of wheat.

14 bushels of oats.

‘ oS

P
of 30,796. Other field

Then too, we have Seager Wheeler at Rosthern who, apart from once more
carrying off the World's Champlonship at Denver for wheat, was able to grow
eighty bushels to the acre of Kitchener wheat and forty-six bushels per acre of .
Marquis in spite of the fact that the yield was reduced by June Tosts, and -
that that district this year only had some threa inches of rainfall. ©"! ‘

The quality of the grain crop of Saskatchewan is almost a3 satisfactory ag °
the yield, as the percentage grading No. 1 Northern is high.’ <-->

On the whole the year has had very satisfactory Tesults for agriculturists.

otatoes show an average yield per acre of 140 bushels with:a total acreage
roots with a total of 9,680 acres give 212 bushels as an.
average yleld per acre. . : ne ;

24. os

MIXED FARMING SUCCESSFUL ON

A very good ‘prairie view

318

in Western Canada

IVE STOCK. — With the
_ exception of hogs, there
is an increase In live
stock returns, It would
not have been a matter for sur- .’
prise if live stock had remained
practically statlonary, during
1915 owing to the extra atten-
tion paid to grain, butit is sat- -
isfactory to note that there is
an increase, even Hf it is not
large. In some distriéts there -
is an increase of 7 per cent in
milch cows, and a total increase -
for the province of 6 per cent
over last year. Hogs show a
decrease, but hogs so easily rise
or fall fn numbers that they reflect the state of the market much . “MOE
quickly than any other branch of the live stock industry. Horses have held
their own in numbers, although the market has not been encouraging. A good
omen {s’the increase in the number of sheep. Sheep will play an important
part in checking weeds, and we need their aid. Below is given a comparative |
table showing the totals of live stock for the years 1914 and 1915.

Western Canada.

» Year. Horses | Milch . Other Sheep _|,.. ‘Swine = |
_ Wid 640, 035 838,994 541,504 177,752 "417,360
101s | “667,443 | 358,540 | 573,021, | 192,024.| 329,246.

Dalirying.—There is a competent dairy branch connected with the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. With the establishment and maintenance of creameries
throughout the province, there {s an increasing interest in this industry, with
commensurate profits to the farmer. The climate favours winter dairying.
The many native fodder plants help materially, and alfalfa can be so easily
grown that it is promoting a rapid increase in the production, which will
shortly do away with the imported article, which up to the past few years has
been very large. The increase in the number of creamteries is not the means
by which success is measured, but rather the volume of business done, not
only in the individual creamery but the total volume for the province. :

Co-Operative creameries under Government supervision, in five summer

7 months of 1915, produced 1,640,600 Ibs. butter, which is an increase of

over 50 per cent on same period of 1914 and more than double that of same
perlod of 1913. The Dairy Commission, in reporting on this great increase,
says that, although the industry is developing rapidly, its possibilities are
practically unlimited and a market for five times the butter now being produced
can be found readily. The price of creamery butter has been advancing
steadily for sovéral years and is now so high as to stimulate western farmers
to ‘greater production. * Saskatchewan farmers’ are urged to‘ use the surplus
from this year’s crops to increase their dairy herds and facilities.

* Sheep.— The farmers. in Saskatchewan are now going extensively into

. sheep - raising and t he -Provinicial Government 1s assisting them to secure

the best price for!
best competitive m
pound.
Poultry.—The Provincial Government’ In order to encourage the raising of”
poultry is handling, for the farmers, the birds in the fall. A special instruction
train goes through the country and demonstrates the correct method of_kill-

a by handling the woo! and selling it en-bloc in the
ket. -In 1915 the market price was 25 to'27 cents a

-*fng and dressing, collects the birds for sale and. disposes of them in the best

market, usually obtaining a few.cents more a pound for the farmer than if
sold in the nearest local market.’ ,
a

CA NAD -A- =

‘All Lines of Farming
Pay Equally as Well
as Wheat Growing

There is nothing very extraordinary about this scene.

> proved very successful in some parts of the province.
- smaller garden vegetables are grown, and-excellent ‘results are obtained.

* planting in the Prairie Provinces.

matr
we

“W-E S. T. ae cee

Shee raising one of the profit-
e le branches of farming

\ FODDER CROPS

Prairie Grasses.—Generally ,
areof | two classes, viz.: “Prairie”
wool” and “slough” ar ‘“‘mead-

- ow" ha, ;

Domestic Hay.— timothy -
occuples the greatest _reage.
Rye and brome grasses are:
sown to a lesser extent. Clover,
-alsike, alfalfa and cor are re- ‘
ported in limited area: .

Corn and Alfalfa.—A sam-
ple of Northwtstern Dent corn
8 feet 10: inches high-from a
300-acre irrigated field. on a
farm near . Prussia, Saskatch-

It is a usual one on farms in
Farmers are making use of the money cleared from their great
fields of grain in | 1985 to Purchase cattle ; jand go more ? into mixed farming.

s ewan, dg spley a) id ‘evidence of the suitability of the climate and soil to corn

raising when- water at the proper time is assured through irrigation. The
same farm has 1,000 acres of alfalfa. Between 30 and 40 varieties of corn.
recently harvested on the University farm at Saskatoon averaged 8 to 13)
tons ns Der acre.

Western Canada requires for this ‘season’s farming operations .

- 30,000 additional labourers. Wages $30 to $40 per month with board |
and lodging. This presents an excellent - ‘Opportunity for every
man to get a start, eventually owning a farm of
e independent for life. Secure information ‘from

ambitious yo
his own, and D
the .nearest Canadian Government agent as to what district yeu
should go to and learn of the low railway rates available,

Roots and Vegetables.--Potatoes easily occupy the most important place

‘ among the root crops, representing at least 70 per cent of the total acreage

Turnips and mangels are grown to some extent for feed. Sugar beets have
Practically all the

Tree Planting.—-To meet the lack of natural protection against wind and ~
snow, the Dominion Government, since 1901, has distributed trees for
In many cases a large advance in farm
values has resulted. These trees are raised at the Forestry Nu ursery Stations
at Indian Head and Saskatoon, in Saskatchewan, and are distributed to .
applicants under defined conditions with regard'to cultivation.

Fruit Growing.—The smaller bush fruits grow in profusion all through

, the province, and an excellent quality is obtained. Larger fruits are in the

experimental stage as yet. A good, variety of early apples has been produced ,
on the Experimental Farm at Indian Head. The market for larger fruits is
still supplied by the Ontario and British Columbia fruit Jands.

‘Fuel and Water.—The brown coal deposits {n southern Saskatchewan are
the sole sources of fuel in the vast territory between the heads0f the great lakes
and the Rocky Mountains. In character they are true ial
age. The woody structuré is very marked. As‘to quantity, there are not
millions but billions of tons east and west of the Souris River, Lignites occur,
abundantly in the Estevan and the Souris River field. Operat ong are carried
on by several mining companies, A large ‘fleld is being’ pened’ up by |
branches of C.N.R: and C.P.R. near Wood mountain, ain he south, dnd
promising reports of discoveries come ‘froth west of Sashtatooy . A colliery is
“operated 40 miles south of Moose Jaw. :

Water ig plentiful everywhere and in most districts it js only ne
sink 4'shallow well to ‘Bet a plentiful. supply. nm ya

‘

of cretaceous _

Pan)

CA NA DOA

‘

SASKATCHEWAN'S SOIL AND CLIMATE THE SECRET OF ITS BIG YIELDS

~ ~An_ Authenticated Yield.—It is not always possible to get- authenticated

statements of-grain ylelds, as in many cases there are no facilities for making
an accurate measurement of land and products. Below are figures from a farm
at Sovereign, Saskatchewan, where land and yields were carefully measured,
and exact results can be quoted. . They speak for themselves:

. Bushels

. per acre.

51 acreg wheat on summer fallow.--..1------------------e------e+ 57.43
781 acres wheat on summer fallow........-...----- ---- 62.48,

34, acres wheat on summer fallow..-.......-----2.--- ~--- 69.87

951% acres wheat seeded on flax stubble. ......-..----.- ---~' 55,83

126 acres seeded on wheat stubble..........-..._--.-.- ---- 48.09

14§ acres seeded on fall plowing and wheat stubble......-....-...-- 40.04

TF acres flax
2h4
5s TOS O8{S. We ee nee ee eee ene 80

i wheat was the Marquis variety, Average yield of wheat on summer

“fa. sw, 62.45 bushels per acre. Total crop over 34,000 bushels.

_ His Story in a Nutshell.— -e

“You ask me how I started farming in Saskatchewan; here {s the story in a
nutshell: '

“T left the United States with my wife and three boysin March, 1907, having
“$2,000 cash, 10 horses, 3 cows and 3 cars of settler’s effects.

“We homesteaded 640 acres of land 150 miles southwest of Saskatoori,.
about 12 miles from thé present Biggar-Calgary line of the G. T. P. railroad.

“Boys and self now have 1,600 acres of land; 524 acres lacropand enough

. Prepared land now to make over 1,000 acres of crop in spring of 1915.

“I had an offer of $35.00 an acre as it stood, but refused, being confident
* that tfils land will be worth $60.00 per acre in tWo years.
- “Wnave a full set of machinery, binders, drills, 45-horsepower engine plows
and separators. Summer fallow looks like 40 to 45 bushel crop, and never

’ better prospects for flax:

\:
\-

“It ia splendid country for the rich and poor to get richer. Yours truly,
. Chas. ¥. Taylor & Sons, Springwater, Sask.”

Cost of. Improving Land.—The following {is an estimate of the
cost of farm development, where it is done by contract work. Breaking,
3 inches deep, per acre, $3 to $5; harrowing, each operation, per acre, 35c.;
discing 3 times, per acre, $1.50; ‘seeding,’ not including seed, per acre, 60c.;
_ Seed, per bushel, market price; fencing per mile, 3 wires, $100 to $125; hauling
grain from nearest station to land, per mile, per bus., 3£c.; treating grain with
bluestone or formalin, per bus., 3c.; boring wells, using steel casings, per ft.,
“$2.25 to $6; boring wells, using galvanized casings, per ft., $2 to $2.75; cost.
of good work horse, $150°to $200; cost of milch cow, $65; cost of sow for
breeding, $10; Coal varies with locality from 50c. per ton at mine, to $6 per
ton delivered at shipping point. A 6-roomed ‘house, $700; a stable to accom-
- modate 8 horses, $300; implement shed, $100; granary for 2,000 bus., $100.

’ Profit Per 100 Acres by Contract Work.—The following estimate is
regarded as fair by practical men. It shows the cost and profit per acre on
acrop of wheat of 100 acres: Preparing the land or seeding, $4.00; drilling,
20c.; harvesting and stccking, 90c.; threshing and delivering crop of 22.50

\, bushels’ per acre, (the average yleld) at 12c. per bushel, $2.70 per acre entire

cost of wheat | crop Der acre delivered to the elevator, $7.80; add interest, 8
per cent onldnd, at $20 per acre, $1.60; taxes (land, school and road) per
acte, about 20c.; total cost per acre, $9.60; receipts from sale of 22.50 bushels
, of wheat at 95c. per bushel, $21.37. Net profit per acre, $11.77. Profit on
100 ‘dcres,$1, 177.00, a déduction must be made to allow for cost of seed
which varies according to variety. .

Buying on Half-Crop Payments.—A farm is sometimes acquired at an
agreed price on the following terms: ‘The purchaser does all the work on the
land, supplying seed, paying for twine and threshing, delivers one-half the
_ crop to the‘elevator for the owner, who credits ‘the amount received on
the purchase price of the land. ok . a

Eaueation.—Schools are sustained by provincial ‘ald and local rates,
Except in special cases where qualified teachers cannot be obtained, the teacher
must hold a certificate of qualification granted by the Department of Educa-
tion. The univérsity, located at Saskatoon, is supported and Controlled by
the province, a department of which is a college of agriculture with some
of Canada’s - -hest educators and agricultural specialists on the faculty. No-
whére: ‘do the “agricultural authorities give greater attention to welfare and
education of the farmer than in the newer districts of this proyince. The
number. of schools in .1903 was 606; in 1913 there were 3, 226, or only 500
- schools short of one new sciool for every day-of the -whole ten-years, excluding -
Sundays. - In ‘addition to the university there are seventeen high schools.

Land Value -Taxation.—Saskatchewan's taxation assessments . trend :
towards the straight land tax. The municipal law does not lend itself to the
penalising of 4 man’s thrift by making him pay. taxes on his personal property
‘his hebds, his barns or his house. Theland alone is assessed at its value, with.
out regard of its improvement. | The.credit of the municipality is the security
on the 1 Tand Itself. °

The laws are such-that no one need lose his land for non-payment of taxes ~

until full and ample notice has been given and a generous petiod of time allowed
to redeem, There is no War Tax on Land. .

CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN

The Available Homesteads are principally in the northern portion of
central Saskatchewan which is watered east and west by the main Saskatchewan
river and by its chief branch, the North Saskatchewan. ‘The surfacé génerally
is rolling prairie interspersed with wooded bluffs of Poplar, spruce and pine,
alternating with intruding portions of, the great plain from the south. In

soil and climate central Saskatchewan is well adapted to the raising of cattle, *

also wheat and other grains. North of township 30, there is unlimited grazing
land, horses, cattle and sheep feeding in the open most of the’ year.. There
fs the necessary shelter when extreme cold weather sets In, and water is plentiful.
Sheep do well. Many farmers have from 50 to 100 sheep and lambs. Tho’
district also possesses everything required for the growing of crops and there
are satisfactory ylelds of all the smaller grains. The homesteader may add to
his holdings by purchasing adjoining land from the Canadian Pacific Railway,
Canadian Northern and other corporations. These unimproved lands range
from $15 an acre upwards,
a aaa

SOUTHERN ‘SASKATCHEWAN

7 Available Farm Land.—There are but few homesteads available in south-

eastern Saskatchewan. The Yand is occupled by an excellent class of farmers,
and vatues range from $15 per acre to $25 for unimproved prairie, and from
$30 to $50 per acre for improved farms. In the neighbourhood of Moose Jay
mixed farming and grain raising are carried on with success. . North and.
northwest, towards the Saskatchewan, are large settlements; but to the south
and southwest is a tract of land available for homestéading.

Southeastern Saskatchewan includes that section between Manitoba « on the .

east and the third meridian on the west, extending’ some distance ‘north of
the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It has more rainfall than
portions farther west and less wood than the portion lying north. In character
and productiveness of soll, southeastern Saskatchewan-is a continuation of
Manitoba, but contains more Prairie area. : .

NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

Available Homesteads.—Ni orthern Saskatchewan has not yet been opened :

to any extent for settlement. There are approximately 80 million acres,
beyond the railway at Prince Albert which time, zeal, and railway enterprise
will eventually make accessible. Furs, forest wealth, and fisheries are rec-.
ognized as a national asset, but thousands of acres of fertile land Ite beyond
the existing lines of railway—awaiting development. Northern Saskatchewan
has natural resources sufficient to maintain a population equal to that of any
European country in corresponding latitude.

SASKATCHEWAN SOILS

In reviewing the soils of Saskatchewan examined during a period of twenty -

years, taking those representing large areas and selected froém districts at”
considerable distance apart, covering: neatly the. entire proyince, Prof.

Shutt, Dominion Chemist says: “It is worthy of remark that the larger ~
number of the solls examined, and more particularly those in the noted wheat.

growing districts, have been.found to be abundantly supplied with humus-
‘forming material and nitrogen. They possess abundant stores of plant food,
and are of high fertility."

In some parts, especially in the districts that are partly wooded with scrub °

poplar, etc., the soil .is a grayish black loam of a decidedly clayey nature.
The nitrogen in the water free soll is almost half of one per cent with notable
amounts of potash and lime, and an average phosphoric acid content. ©

In other parts the description of soils by the same authority, gives them as-
black, sandy loams of’ the true prairle type, rich in vegetable matter and

nitrogen, with excellent percentages of phéspyoric acid and potash.

Climate.—In summer ‘the temperature often rises to 100 degrees, Winters
are cold, lasting from end-of November to middle or end of March. The -
atmosphere is clear and dry owing to the iititude;-2\500 to 3,000 feet.
Snowfall is light. Bright sunshine is the rule. ~ hi

Latitude,—The British Isles ie in the same latitude" as the province of
Saskatchewan. Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, the greater part of
Germany and about half of Russia, are as far‘north as Regina. Edinburgh is

° farther north than any of the settled parts of Saskatchewan. St. Petersburg, |

- = WoE-s$-- T we eens o— eee ee ge —

Russia, and Christiana, Norway, are in the same ' northern latitude as the *.

northern. boundary. of, Saskatchewan. wee

‘Telephones.—An important adjunct to farm life is the rural telephone,

With these Saskatchewan is well provided.

-. Government ‘reports’ on Saskatchewan telephones show the wire miles of
-long distance system have increased from 3,280: in 1910 to 15,760 in 1915, the
‘exchanges from 20 to 99, toll offices, from” 100 to’ 311.
-Fapidly belng constructed as 3 needed, and recelve assistance from the Provin-

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Farm Buildings Similar to these May be Found in all Parts of Alberta

100,000,000 ACRES OF ARABLE. LAND

AVERAGE WHEAT 36.16 BUSHELS—OATS 57.33. BARLEY 34.83°

A Vast Plateau 2,000 to 3,000 Feet Above Sea Level

HERE probably never was in the history of any country covering such a large area, with an acreage
of less than 4 million acres,.such an abundant yield recorded. Below are given reports from a number
of districts of the province from two to three hundred miles apart, showing phenomenal yields of wheat

upwards of 70 bushels per acre. Of course there have been smaller yields than those reported, but when the
general average of 36.16 bushels of wheat per acre is considered, it is quite evident that the small yield has
been the exception rather than the rule. It is not in wheat alone that these immense yields have been given,

but oats have gone 130 bushels to the acre. Hardly a district shows a wheat average of under 30 bushels. -

It must be apparent, that if one farmer'in a locality can get 50 bushels’ Grassy Lake.—Over 20,000 bushels of wheat from about 570 acres is the

an acre of wheat, other farmers with the same soil, climate and conditions; | crop of a local farmer here. . Yield was over 35 bushels of wheat per acre, ~

should be able-to get the same yields if'they. are‘equally good agriculturists. | There is also reported a yleld of 50 bushels per acre from 56 acres; 6,000-bushelg
In the long rtin it comes down pretty much to the man’s own ability. Be- { from 260 actes; 10,000 bushels from 300 acres; 5,100 bushels from 130 acres:
low will be found some of the yields. : . 5,100 bushels from 100 acres. ~ . pete
Reid Hil.—Mr. O. L. Wooters had a yield of 57 bushels to the.acre from Gus Schmidt had 100 bushels of oats per acre, Ed Johnson 95, and Walter
his summer fallow; ‘Mr. James Dann from 60 acres of stubble got 2,382 Gwilliam had 3914 bushels of wheat from 130 acres. - a :
bushels of Red Fife, an average of 48 bushels ‘to the acre. ‘ :
Tn conversation with Mr. Paul Norton, who ts doing a lot of threshing | 53 bushels an acre from 640 acres of wheat, ‘The lowest yield recorded here

in the Reld Hill district, he says that of eight places on which he threshed, | was 28 bushels per acre of wheat. Gideon Olson had 56 bushels per acre;-

the yields were from 40 to 57 bushels per acre. mn Lars Johnson 67 bushels; Mr. Elford got 6934 bushels from a 60-acre field.
"_Alston.—Mr. T. Lawrence; had a yield of 60 bushels to the acre from Sherburn.—Hart Bros. had 51 bushels of wheat per acre from 100 acres,

, Burdett, Alta.—A farmet of this neighbourhood thteshed an average of .

40 acres of summer fallow. Brant, Alta.—Wheat 65 bushels to the acre and oats 135 bushels, grading |

High River.—Mr..Peter Peterson's wheat went 55 bushels to the acre, No, 1 throughout and representing the crop, not of a hand-picked area but
Mr. A. C. Middleton had 47 bushels rt wheat to the acte off fal! ploughing. of whole section of land, are reported. . .
Fred Mensinger’s summer fallow yielded him 66 bushels of wheat to the °
acre. W. Myers and Joe Spanke, from breaking got 56 bushels and 51 Dan Richmond had 160 acres, summer fallow, and obtained 10,240 bushels
bushels respectively. Oats, 8. E. Taylor had 105 and J. W. Johnston 134 of No. 1 Marquis wheat. On an adjoining quarter section which was fall

. tps eae : om | ploughed, he obtained 8,320 bushels. The average was 52 bushels. .

Tom Margetts, had 25 acres of oats from which he obtained 3,350 bushels, What appears to be an incredible yield of wheat is reported from ‘the
average 134 bushels per acre. From the balance of his crop, 175 acres, he i
garnered 21,875 bushels, which made an average of 125 bushels to the acre. wheat and yielded 72 bushels Der acre. af .

Woolchester district. threshed 54 bushels an acre from 36 acres of wheat. | -Mr. Ernest Hanson had an average yield of 60 bushels per acre.
of which“was on stubble, yielded 8,600 bushels; 230 aciés~yielded_9,200 majority of the flelds ran about 50 bushels an acre. Oats also gave very

bushels, . ‘ heavy yields, one fleld reaching 188 bushels to the acre. One farmer, who
- Bagsano.—Robert Comer, threshed 70 acres of wheat on irrigated land | had 1,000 acres under grain crop, had an average of 57 bushels, .45 Ibs., of
which yielded an average of 54 bushels to the acre. Five acres of wheat { wheat, grading No. 1, per acre from 4 160-acre field. .
Brown on land that was planted to potatoes a year ago yielded an average |, B, Nykoff had 112 bushels per acre from a 55-acre field of oats. He also
‘ : of 69 bushels per | had 54 bushels of wheat per acre; N. Nykoff had 50 bushels.from an 80-acre
acre. Mr. Rolism | field, while N. H. Melchell’s crop ranged from 34 to 48 bushels per acre.
. had 100 bushels Medicine Hat.—Two hundred thousand ‘bushels of wheat were threshed
of oats per acre { from 3 4,000-acre field near here. Forty-five bushels to the acre is also
from a large fleld. | reported. - , :

Forty-ning, acres wheat averaged 56 bushels per acra:-200 acres wheat part Monarch, Alta.— Yield of wheat reported by threshers indicated that the

farm of Messrs. Bruer and Grieves. The field consisted of 43 acres of Marquis.

CANADA

ALBERTA'S AVERAGE YIELD OF WHEAT PER ACRE WAS-36.16 BUSHELS. :

Cratgmyle.—Two thousand: nine hundred and twelve bushels of wheat
was-the crop taken off a 60-acre field on Captain R. B. Eaton’s farm, in the
Craigmyle district. Although this land has been cropped for six years out

. of the past seven, the yield is a little over 4814 bushels per acre, grading No. 1:

Vermilion,—My: D. B. Winters and Sons, of Claysmore, threshed 55

" acres of wheat ‘Yaad produced 3,400 bushels, or 63 bushels to the acré;. oats

‘averaged 112 bushels per acre. ' .
Trochu.—Mr, Telesbore Lemey of Trochu, threshed 2,500 bushels of
~wheat on 45 acres measured land, with affidavits available, This works
out an ayérage of 5534 bushels per acre, grading No. 1. .
Munson.—Mr. J. Cope of Munson, threshed a
20-acre field of- summer-fallowed land, yielding 58
bushels ‘per acre.

Gletcnen Be ylelds are -not confined to small
acreage. F. Corbell of the Gleichen district
threshed 17, 7080 bushels of wheat from 290 acres,
‘ylelding a little better than 58 bushels per Acre.

Field of oats yielded over 104 bushels per acre.

Queenstown.—-Mr. Walter Hoerle of Queenstown
threshed 80 acres of Red Fife that averaged 51
bushels,” and 434 measured acres of Marquis wheat
which yielded 8334 bushels per acre. Land and
Measurements guaranteed.

Nanton.—J. H. Garbutt of Nanton, threshed 80
acres of Marquis wheat, which averaged 52 bushels per acre.

‘W. H. Reed of Nanton, threshed 90 bushels of oats per acre.

J. R. Eckert had 150 acres of wheat on stubble disced last fall and drilled
last spring, that averaged 40 bushels. ‘

‘Lethbridge.—The Provincial Jail Farm at Lethbridge, threshed 3,918
bushels of Marquis wheat from 7534 acres, an average yield of 51.72 bushels
per acre, Included in the above was one field of 24.72 acres which ylelded
1,503 bushels, or an average yield of 60.8 bushels per acre. .

Prospy.—Mr. A. G. Kendall of Prospy district, Township 7, Range 8,
reports having threshed three measured acres which ylelded 814 bushels per
acre, also a field of 43 acres, which averaged 53}4 bushels wheat per acre.

In the same district Mr. T. N. Sprinkle reports 58 bushels per acre.

Nobleford.—At Nobleford Mr. Noble reports having threshed a ae

_field of oats’ which averaged 111 bushels and.23 pounds to the acre.

; patch.

. received 120 bushels

~ other land on “the
\7-same farm with only

gummer-fallow averaged 120 bushels of oats. <A yield-of wheat is reported

from: here as going 49 bushels and 40 pounds from a 63-acre field.
Baron.—iIn the . . fo.

Baron disitict, Arie —

Versluis | received | 'B4

bushels per acre of

No.-1 from a 160-acre

Mr. Finke, in the
same district, recelved
70 bushels” per acre
from @ measured 8-
“acre field. He also .

of oats per acre from
85 acres, and 85 bush- |.
els per acre of barley

Carmangay.—Mr.
J. W. Rosenberger -’
threshed 5,100 bush-
els wheat from . 99
acres. :
Brooks. —A fel
of Marquis wheat, on
the estate of the Duke
of Sutherland gave.
69 bushels per acre.
This fleld had special
attention in the mat-

ter of cultivation, but

ordinary cultivation
averaged 50. bushels , :
“of wheat per, acre. ‘Another farmer threshed from 160 acres 9,467 bushels

‘of wheat, an average of 59 bushels per acre.On a ‘“stubbled-in” field,

. af average of 30 bushels ‘per acre was-the return from a 400-acre ‘field. A
” farmer with-900 acres had an| average of 40 bushels of wheat, another had
_ 42 -bushels of wheat and 84 bu: hols « of oats.’ ‘A’ thresher here says the lowest
he threshed in-1915 was, 37 bubhel 13 per acre.”

“Pineher Creek.—A claim ‘tg m de - oak ‘3 190-acre field of spring wheat
produced 62,000 bushels and another field 1200 ‘éres yielded 11,000 bushels:

On.one farm wheat went. slightly petter “tian 60 bushels per acre; one 35-
“acre plot of” oats made a regord ot 120 bushels. .

TAXATION IN CANADA *
The Additional War Reveiue -
required in Canada is raised by
increase in Customs tariff, taxation
_ of banks, loan companies, a tax

on railway and steamship tickets, -

telegrams, postal matter, patent

medicines and proprietary articles,

AND NOT ONE CENT OF WAR
“ ‘TAX is levied on lands.

Barley i is: ‘one of the best paying crops in Western Canada.

"WES T° . _3t

-Seerting.—A farmer here says he had 20,000 bushels ‘of: wheat ‘from 500
acres. -This crop was sold early for $16,400, a gross return of $32.80 per acre.

' Magrath.—Eleven thousand bushels of oats from a 100-acre fleld is.
reported: ‘The farmer who grew théSe has taken a‘total of $70 per acre from’
his Jand in two years.

Three Hills.—A ‘field of Marquis wheat by actual welght and measurement .

Bert Ackeberg had 66 bushels wheat per acre. ~

ylelded 63 bushels:40 pounds per acre.

- Milk River, Alberta.—Twenty acres here yielded ‘an .everage of 6234

bushels of wheat to the acre. This land had formerly had @ crop of peas and
was in a high state of cultivation.

2,300 bushels of wheat, an‘average of 23 bushels per
acre, Wheat sown on cultivated land averaged 41
- bushels per acre. .

New Dayton.—A farmer here got an average of 30
bushels per acre from an 800-acre field of spring wheat.

Tofield.—Threshing indicates that the ‘average
wheat yleid of the district was 35 bushels per
acre; oats, 70.

Provost.— Wheat yielded 30. bushels per acre, oats
70, barloy 60.

leaving no latitude for crops this-year. Areas and
yields carefully measured, ‘Jeaving no latitude for
guess-work, "show wheat crops running as high as 72 bushels per acre. The
yields of grain, as reported by 'threshers in all parts of the country, are remark-
ably high,and probably constitute record crops for the West. Returns, of
over one hundred bushels of oals to the acre aré frequently ‘reported, and
ylelds of wheat of 50, 60, and even 70 bushels to the acre have been secured.
Aldersen.—In the Aldersen district, Mr. Potter received 67 bushels of
wheat to the acre from 23 acres, and 40 acres that yielded 62 bushels.
Lemsford.—B. R. Talbot, 74 bushels per acre of wheat ‘from 31 acres.
Calgary.—Wm. Miller says: “My oats run from 65 to 85 bushels, per

acre, barley from 44 to 60 bushels, and spring wheat 35 bushels. . Once or.”

twice the wheat got a little-touch of frost but not enough to hurt.

. “As to climate I might say in a word: You cannot beat it, take it all year
round. We have cold snaps in winter, but as a rule they do not last long,
and as to being healthy, I have lived around here 33 years now gnd I have
never had a doctor prescribe for me. I got married 24 years ago and my

1 wife and Ihave raised a fine healthy family of nine sons and two daughters,

and why should we
not feel content in
sich a country as this.
where the sun shines
almost 365 days a
year? My wife andl
are young and strong,
enjoying the best of

this happy land,”
: Foremost.—A

Alberta, had a yield
of wheat which he

35 bushels per acre,
but when threshed,
this field . actually
yielded 61 bushels
per acre,
‘40, 50 and even 60
~ bushels per acre~of
-wheat are reported
from many districts.

include. 61 bushels
per acre oh summer
fallow, 39 on stubble
and 47 on spring

It is latgely grown for feed, taking
> the Place of corn as a fattening | product. 8 y =

ploughing: oats ran-
to 110 pishels. Sev enty-elght acres of Marquis: wheat produced 4,688 bushels, .

an average of:a little over 60 bushels. an acre, On the same farm, oats which
had been sown on stubblé-yielded 100 bushels per acre.. One hundred. and
forty acres of wheat which had been “stubbled in” av eraged 5334 bushels per
acre; 60 acres of breaking averaged 6034 bushels per acre; a 75-acre field,
partly summer fallow and partly’ fall ploughing, averaged 45 bushels to the

. acre; other crops show averages of 50,'51 and 57 bushels per acre. .
Millet.—One farmer averaged 35 to 38 bushels per acre with his wheat.
* Keomsa.—Among the yields at Keoma, Alta., 20 acres of Marquis wheat _
is reported to. have averaged 70 bushels, 42 acres making 59, and another.
20 acres averaged 70 and @ 10-acre fleld 63 bushels per dere.’

From a ‘‘ volunteer" crop a fleld of 100 acres yielded :

Lacombe.—Areas and yields carefully measured," a

health and glad that -
our paths Jed us to.

. farmer at Foremost, -

_ expected would yield |

Vulean.—Wheat |
yields reported here ~

Yields of ..~

3200~«C*”

RICHNESS OF ALBERTA’S som, ‘TOLD IN CROP RETURNS

Retlaw.—An 80-acre felt of wheat near Retlaw, Alta, averaged 48
buslicls per acre, a 75-aere field 42: pushels anda 70-acre field 40 bushels.
J. Joslin, near here, threshed 60 bushels No. 1 hard, from 24 acres, and 41
bushels to the acre“from 140 acres.

Taber.—-A farmer here, formerly from spokcine, reports securing 15,000
bushels of wheat from a half-seétton , of land, or an average of ovet
46 Bushels per acre. Another farmer’ gat 60 bushels of wheat per acre, and
another'50 bushels spring rye and 97 bushels barley per acre; another farmer
got 89 bushels per acre, while a neighbour.got 40 bushels. .

Redeliffe.—A farmer near here ‘threshed . 4,200 bushels
.of wheat from 75 acres, an average of 56 bushels. An- =
other man threshed 450 acres -of wheat which ylelded~
19,000 bushels,’ or an average of- aver 42 bushels per
acre for the entire crop. —

, Raymond.:—One wheat field here ‘averaged 54 bushels
per acre, anather-55, another, 53, ‘and several went over
50. Henry: Hotmes, who captured first prize for. his
bushel of Marquis wheat at the Dry Farming Congress
‘in 1912, took an average of 52 bushels-an acre off a 40- ,
acre field.

-Warner.—aA 300-acre fleld averaged 47 bushels per
acre of wheat. Six thousand seven hundred bushels of
» oats were threshed from a 65-acre field.” Ten acres of
oats yielded 1,100 bushels, an average'of- 110 bushels per
acre, and, a small plot of fall wheat yielddd 50 bushels
per acre.: **

Macleod.—Jas. Beattie had 6933 bushels’ ‘of wheat
froma 26-acre-fleld. ‘A farmer near here ‘grew 8,000
* bushels of wheat which went 63 bushels to thé’ acre.

_ Daysland. —Some “of? Jas, ‘A. Benner’s wheat went
over. 40. bushels to the acre. J. H. Wagner had over 90
bushels of oats to the acre, and of wheat He had over 40 ‘ tok

> bushels per acre, *. * . . . ‘

B.A. Tofthagen had 23 acres of "wheat which gave 47 bushels to the acre.

Lethbridge.—Wheat crops from’ 107 farms in Southern Alberta show
an average of 53 bushels per. acre; somé of the fields included were small
in area but. others took in.wHole farms. Among the total were:300 acres
which averaged 52 bushels: 100 acres which averaged{60; 320 acres 61 bushels;
175 ‘acres 55 bushels, and 500 acres 52 bushels. Thirty-one acres of
summer fallow yielded’ 2,292 bushels, an average of 74 bushels per acre.
Three measired acres of wheat ylelded. 245 bushels, an average of 8114
bushels “per acre, A field of 43 acres averaged 53}¢ bushels. . A 1-acre
test. plot of ‘Marquis wheat 3ielded 99 bushels, and a 34-acre fleld averaged

6034 bushels.’ There are on this farm 200 acres of Marquis wheat which-

it is expected will average over 50 bushels per acre.

A 25-acre field at Lethbridge yielded 1,503 bushels, of wheat, an average
of a trifle dver 60 bushels to the acre. The wheat weighed 67 pounds to
“the bushel, ‘A field of, 1150: acres of oats yielded 15,528 bushels, an average
a of about 103 bushels per acre; one-
'. third of-this~crop was from spring
_ breaking, ‘the balance from land

broken in the summer of 1914.
Mr. L. A’ Felger, manager of the

a we

seven milés south of: ‘Lethbridge, reports 20 acres of oats vildig 1183 bushels

to theacre. He also bad wheat ylelding from 65 to 75igabushels per acre |

’ according to methods of cultivation. A 3-acre plot of irrigated land’ at the
; Government, Experimeiital Station gaye an average of 76 bushels of Khakov

‘wheat to the acre and it welghed 67 Ibs. to the measured bushel; a field of.

. Marquis - wheat at Same place’ yielded 65 bushels an acre. From 175 acres
- one, farmér threshed, 9, 800 bushels of Wheat—over 54 bushels per acre:
A grain expert here believes that the average yield of hard wheat in

Southern Alberta this season, between Calgary and the International Bound-

* ary,-will reach 40 bushels an acre, establishing a } record which cannot be
' beaten on the entire continent. .

Looking them over before sending them to market
A splendid bunch of grass-fed'“‘critters” -

* Pure-bred stock of Western Canada is fairly
well shown in the illustration below

and ,
- threshed: 9,000 bushels of grain... At the time of writing my ‘crop for this ,

‘planning to go in the’ ‘spring of 1916.”

| PENNSYLVANIANS WELL PLEASED WITH WESTERN CANADA. “
Voices from Pennsylvania Sound its Praises.

Hartisburg, Pa‘—F. A. Harrison, Canadian. Goveriment Representative,
says: “I am getting personal letters from some of the farmers who went to
Western Canada from this district in the spring of 1915 and they.are all well
pleased with the results obtained during the first year.. One farmer writes'that

he averaged 5414 bushels of wheat from 32 acres; 104 bushels of oats per acre |
from 18 acres. These crops were obtained from land that had been cultivated

the previous year, Another Penasylvania
farmer who went to Western Canada in”
. March put 64 acres of graininnewly broken —-
prairie. His oats averaged 45 bushels, bar- “
ley 39, and wheat 2734. He did so well
that two of his brothers and a cousin are...

From $6.00 to $32,000.00.—M. A: Lowry, of Taylorville, Albert says: “I.
came to Alberta sixteen years ago last April, with only $6.00 after our fare and
expenses*were paid. Inow have six one-quarter sections of good farm land (960°

_acres), 400 acres under cultivation, Have an 8-room house costing $1,600.00Z:

“a hay barn with capacity of 101 tons, of hay and will stable 36 head of, stock;
‘other buildingssworth at least $200. Have harhesses for 18 head of work horses,
2 complete sets of machinery except one field cultivator, one threshing Infichine.
All in good condition and all paid for except $90.00. I have ‘172 cattle, ‘B4
horses, 40 hogs, 74 sheep, a nice varlety of poultry. My land is worth $25.00

per acre or $24,000.00. There is against this land as paynients not due and ao .

loans $5,000.00. My live stock and mathinery would sell for $13,000.

The first two’ yedrs in Alberta I was obliged to work out considerably, :

"not having horses to farm with, but with the ald of my wife we raised good _
gardens and got sale for a lot of the garden stuff. It is hard to beat Alberta |

Ohio Alberta Farming. Company;—'for-gardens. I soon saw the beauty of this country for mixed i farming, and-

turned. my attention in that direction, Meginning with
hogs as they were the easiest to stockip with. E gota.
w calves and colts as fast as I could and held to’ these’
until they .were grown. . Our ilk cows and, poultry
practically serve our table. .
It is a pleasure to live in Aierta compared with any
other country I have beett in. The climate is just rigid .
enough in the winter,and warm enough in the summgy,
with cool nights, to, Keep us vigorous and well. Consump- -
tion and such diseases are Almost -unknown. <Out'of.a
family of elght” ‘children, wife and myself, we have never’
suffered any, inconvenience from any. kind of disease..
_ We hay éxcellont Schools,.and due to’ the Government -
.. being,strict to enforce what is known as the “Lord's
~..Da Act,” which prohibits work on Sunday, the church
ig usually well attended. |.
In our schools here the Government furnishes all read-.
ata ’ ers.free up to:the fourth and campels’ children to go to
: oe school to theageofi3i- 4 - ‘

WAE: DOES NOT. AFFECT FARMERS’ ‘ oe °

Peter Larson; of .Dalroy, Alberta, writes:-“‘I arrived’ in Alberta - in sig, Le

1912, coming from Nebraska, and purchased a half-section of land east of

Calgary. In the season of 1913 I ‘hdd 240 acres'in crop and threshed 10,000 - .~

ushels of wheat,.cats-and barley. In 1914 I had 300 acres in crop, an
season ig not thréshed. . So far as the climate is concerned, “my | family “and

. myself lke it very much.

“money than, ‘before.’

“The fact that Canada is taking a part in the present war ‘does not affect

‘the farmer, either in- increased taxes or otherwise, excepting that we are
‘receiving better prices for the stuft ¥ we have to sell, and therefore maldng w moré-

Jha - sows Ageeters ~
.YIELDS OF“

‘00 Acres. Wheat. Averaged 51 Bushels.— John Foreston of New Dayton, |
Alberta, bofore a Notary Public, swore he had 47 bushels of wheat to the acre
from 200 acres. H. G. Stinson. of Foremost. / erta, gave an affidatit that
his 44 acres of wheat averaged 60 bushels to the acre. F.J. Morrison of New
- ‘Dayton, Alberta, signed a sworn statement that be had 51 bushels to the acre .
- from 500 acres.’
- Made. $25,000.00 in 10 Years.——‘I came here in 1903 and homesteaded, ot

- After four years I bought: another quarter and three years after that I bought

-four more quarter-sections, making now in all 960 actes of land. I had 6.

horses" and 6 ‘cows, When I came here. I now have 65 ‘horses, 35 head of
_ cattle, 5 hogs. I have 15 acres in cultivation. I’have made $25,000 since.

fT: ‘came Bake. 7 ‘would, -advise anybody to come here.

Andrew B. Nelson, Holden, Alta, ”

- Made $12,000.60" Would Not Sell.—" When I came here in 1903 I home-

‘ steaded one-quarter of rafltoad land. I had-3 horses, 8 head of cattle. After

. “petting settled I had only $25 in my pocket to start on. ‘Now I have-140
~*Taeres under cultivation. I-have 30 head of cattle and have sold a number

Pa, a : Poultry Pays the Grocery. Bill.

_evety year. I have 100 ‘chickens, 50 hogs., I have mada money in the
Holden District.’ Iam now worth at least $12,000. The Holden District
- Sults me and L am going to stay, init. J. M. Andrews, Holden, Alta.”

7 . FODDER CROPS
" * qifalta_atany ranchers in Alberta are sowing this crop onan 1 extensive
i scale, ,At the Experimental Farms at Lethbridge and Lacombe an average
". of three tons of cured hay per acre has been obtained from nor-! frrigated Jands :
.° iy one crop, and two or three crops can be obtained in-a year. From these
" stations alfalfa seed has been distributed.
. AS an illustration of the success. of this.fodder, it was a Maple Creek,
; "Alberta, ‘farmer ‘Who carried ‘off ‘the first, second -and sweepstakes prizes at
-'~“the Dry Farming. Congress-at’ Denver, in the fall of 1915, at which exposi-
tion there was shown excellent samples of three cuttings in one year..
‘:Clover.—The little white clover grows profusely everywhere. Alsike and
“yea varieties succeed wherever tried. ‘Timothy does ‘well, A good market
‘at from $18 fo $20 perton..-
Corn Raising in’ Alberta.—Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta. —Ensilage corn
! 10 feet. high is this town’s claim to be included in‘the corn-belt. It was planted’
‘June Sth and cut September 8th on- ‘a farm in * . _*
* this‘district. :
7. A field. ‘of corn “pear “Medivine. ‘Bat sled
40 bushels per-acre in 1915..." -
. At the’ Cardston, Alberta, exhibition in. 1915,
‘ reat interest was: ‘eantred in ‘the corn exhibit.”

bes WHEAT AND OATS SEEM UNBELIEVABLE - , 3

[re Bros. .

“There were stalks of North Western Dent that.measured nine feet, taken from

a field that yielded eighteen tons to the acre.

Nineteen farmers around Taber, Alberta, had ‘successful. sblots of sweet .

corn averaging one to twenty-five acres each: Their success indicates that
_ corn. will become an.jmportant crop in this district. .

- OTHER AUTHENTIC YIELDS REPORTED FROM DIFFERENT
PARTS OF ALBERTA IN 1915.

wt . WHEAT
: Acre [Per Acre/
Biddelivale—R. B: Riddell. .-.....- 110 51
Cereal—G. M 110 46

Scotstown—R.

McNally Bora
Vegreville—E. B

Youngstown _4-W W. Lyster.
Lamont—R, J. Torrie__
J. Alton...

+7 H. Schultz.

A Paying Western Farm,—A sample of the pyoduetiveness of Canadian

farm lands.is found in the experiénce of Mr. D. H.'Engle of Humboldt,.Iowa,
. ‘who owns a quartei-section in Gleichen, Alberta,
the basis that the renter was to furnish everything ‘except threshing and haul-
| ing, and one-third'gf the net recelpts were to go te the owner.’ Although only:

. 80 acres were in crop, Mr. Engle tecelved a profit of $612. 65, which was his

pet rental of the land for one season.

‘ ALBERTA’S THREE DIVISIONS --
Northern Alberta .—North of the end of steel extends 75 per cent of this

rich province, yet unexploited. When the railways push into Athabaska and.

Peace river districts it will be realized that Alberta owns an empire forth of the

Saskatchewan, 2 country set apart by nature to provide homes for millions of °
This northern =~ .
‘portion varies from great open stretches of prairie land to heavily timbered. ~

agrarian people, when the plains to the south are filled up.

tegious, the whole watered by majestic rivers. The banks of these. rivers are

usually covered for miles back with dense timber—spruce and cottonwood 7

predominating. — AN

_ Central Alberta extends’from Red Deer river northward to the height
of land between the Saskatchewan and the Athabaska. Its great wealth fs in
its deep black humus varying in depth from ten inches to
a warm subsoil.

The northern and western portions of Central ‘Alberta have some “brash”.
land with soil equal to that of the open prairie,

and there is the advantage of shelter for cattle, and an absolute assurance of .

splendid water.
’ clearing: “Practically all of the, land between Edmonton -and

—has been subdivided for homesteading.

. Southern Alberta. is open and: rolling, and devoid of timber .

‘Athabaska— and between Edmonton and LaBiche to te northeast .

wept overlying ,

There is a good market for the fuel and timber Gbtained in |

_ except along the streams and the Rocky Mountains’ foothills The.

* soil is a fertile e loam.

‘di

"prices ran’ from $8.55 to $8.90 per 100 Ibs. .
1,240 Ibs.each. -This' is 'the-third year in succession that Macleod: steers have .

2
a

“CANA D: A

oan : -
‘ “

w Est

The climate is, ideal, with pleasing summers and mild winters. Stock pasture
in the open air during winter, grazing on the nutritive sun-dried grasses. The
absence of timber Southern Alberta is compensated for by the supply of coal.
Asa grazing country. Southern Alberta has had few
equals, for the hills and valleys well watered, afford excel-
lent pasturage Winter wheat sown on new breaking, or
summer-fatlowed land, from the middle of July to the

end or September, is ready for harvest from the Ist to the 15th of August

in‘the following year. . Climate and soil make this an ideal wheat-growing
district. Considerable spring wheat is grown, as well as oats, barley and flax.

. The production of sugar-beets compares favourably with that of Germany and
Sd ;

the world. ~

Water for domestic nd farm purposes is easily obtained at reasonable’

depth. In certain sections of the Canadian West, as in the American West;
the soil is unexcelled for growing cereals, but the geographical location and

Yetative position to the rain avenues is not advantageous, not only the requisite.

amount of rain but'its conservation ig essential to the growing of crops, and
that is the meaning of ‘dry farming."’ This is being succéssfully followed

jn the southern ‘portion of Southern Alberta. Some of the.tistrict can also

“be easily and successfully farmed by means of irrigation. *

‘ EDUCATION ° . \

The organization of free district schools is optional with: settlers, the Goy-
ernment liberally supporting them.

Every child in Alberta is given the opportunity of a good, free education.
For the past three or four years schools have been opened up at the rate of one
a day, and educational facilities range from the little wooden schoolhouse in
a remote country district to the progressive new university at Edmonton.

Any part of Alberta may be created into a public school district, provided
that it does not exceed five ‘miles fn length or breadth, and contains four ‘ per-
sons resident, who would” be liable to assessment, and eight children between
the ages of five and sixteen. ‘

The Government has established free agricultural
and domestic science schools for farmers’ sons and
daughters during the winter season. Demdnstration.
Farms, which are in reality model agricuitural schools
for the neighbouring farmer, have been established by.
the Government at, several points throughout -the
province. X.

Asa result of such liberal encouragement the farmers
of Alberta become from year to year more thoroughly

_ organized and up-to-date. Last year they owned and
controlied 50-co-operative elevators, and next season
will control 100, making arrangements ag well for’a.
more advantageous system of marketing thejr erain. *

Rallways.—The province is exceedingly well served
with railways, there being the Canadian Pacific, Cana-
dian, Northern, Grand Trunk Pacific,and their branches,
as well as the Provincial government road building to"
the northwest. . :

“Government and Other Telephones.—The Government ‘operates the
telephone system, including about 9,000 miles.of long distan¢e wires, and
12,000 miles of rural or farmers’ lines, and pursues an active policy of stimulat-
ing the organization of rural companies ‘by giving as a bonus all poles required.

Cattle Ralsing.—No less profitable than’ grain-growing in Alberta, is_
‘eattle-raising, For the most part of the year they feed out-doors, and re- |

quire very little attention. There is plenty of water, and in-the northern
or central portion ample shelter. The wild grasses make the best of feed,
but now. a great. many, farmers are taking up the cultivation of the tame
grasses.
Excellent yields.are always secured.

Caftle from-the :Macleod: district recently’ commanded the highest fguies-
at the, Chicago market for range stecrs,-and thoy. ot only brouzht.the, best -

price on.the.day.of.sale but.also the best nrice for-any cattle of. same class
last season. - The’ ‘shipment consisted of: 280:head of: range. steers and ‘the

been. shippad to. Chicago: ‘and have topped. the market. . -
. Alberta’s Butter Production- —The butter output of Alberta “has ine

: creased approximately. 2,000,000 pounds during the-past year, as. compared
7 vtec ae, yout soe ; . ‘ . q °

MILITARY ‘SERVICE IN
CANADA IS VOLUNTARY

No man is compelled to join the
army or serve in the trenches,

Canada’s military forces are

composed ‘entirely of volunteers;
‘almen are free to serve or. not

With. these -they all do well, alfalfa . belng a special. favourite. °

Seventeen of the'steers averaged _

with the previous year, according to the Dairy Commissioner for the province.
For the year previous the butter output was a little more than 6,000,000
pounds. For, the Year ending in October of last year the output from six
2% ereameries was-7,400,000 pounds of butter. And the most *

’. gratifying fact ts that the prices were better. In addition

+ to this a lot of cheese was manufactured. Also this fact of

"greater, butter output Indicates that the farmers are going

in for mixed-farming-to a greater extent. This is true not only of the northern

districts ‘of the province, but throughout the whole province, notwithstanding
- that the. southern part has in the past been mainly a _ Sraln-raising country.
The province has 58 creameries. _
uring the past season; one Edmonton firm paid the farmers of Hardlsty
district $7;200 for milk. and.cream and, as a local paper.remarks, this is just °
so much “found’’ profit, as the cows pasture on the open prairie and there is ©
ttle or no expense connected with .their keep. - The prices paid for butter
fat averaged about 24c perlb, Although the farmers have been very successful
with their grain crops, they realize that the surest and most permanent pros-
perity' comes from mixed farming,. and the’ dairy industry, of the country,
important as it already is, is only in its infaney.. .
Fruit: Growing.—Small fruits do well in all: districts. Crabapple, apples
and plums are grown south of Edmonton. :
In Southern Alberta - strawberries. ripen in August and, have an eK-

| cellent fayour, Heavy mulching in winter is necessary.

Ripe strawberries were picked in open gardens in Medicine Hat on October 28.

Tha postmaster at Hardisty picked 156 quarts of fine strawberries from a
plot one-twenticth of an acre in extent, which proves conclusively the entire
suitability of this country for small fruit cultivation.

A settler at Beaver Lake ripened twenty melons in the ‘open air, without

glass protection. Many farmers are having good success with a special variety '

of crabapples, which is excellent for cooking and preserving and. which it is
claimed can be grown in any quantity, »
. Spring Wheat, The leading varieties are Red Fife
and Marquis, which grade hard and are known as
- Manitoba Hard Wheat. They fetch a higher price
‘ than any other-varleties grown. The Marquis, # re-
cent development, matures about 15 days earlier than ”
Red Fife, *
Comparison Yield, Alberta and Western States.
’ For the five’years, 1908 to 1912 inclusive, the average
yield of spring wheat per acre in Alberta and the Western
States was as follows: Alberta, 20.6; Iowa, 16.4; Min-
nesota, 16,2; Wisconsin, 14.7; Nebraska, 13;.S. Dakota,
ALA; N. Dakota, 11.5; Kansas, 8.9. -
“Oats.—The central ‘portion ofthe province is re-

district 50 to 60 bushels to the acre is ordinary, and125 *
bushels not uncommon. For four years the first prize
grain at the Provincial Seed Fair has weighed not less
than 48 Ibs. to the bushel, The average yield per acro
1s 36.42 by measure: average welght: over 45 Ibs: per bushel. Barley, flax and-
tye are also.very successful crops. *

Sunshine.—in the north, from June 1 to August 1 there are but two hours

of darkness. -The almost continuous sunlight causes very rapid fructification. -

. Balinfall.—-The greatest rainfall is in May, June, July and part of August—
the: ‘growing season. The latter parts of August and September are dry. ~
Alberta: Soils.—Frank T. Shutt, M. A. F. I. C., Dominton Chemist, says:
“Tt:may, be said: that-as Southern Alberta is of the true prairie character,
-8o. Northern ‘Alberta is largely wooded, enjoying.a more liberal: rainfall and
- is naturally a.country, better’ adapted.to-mixed farming. The solls"of. North-
-ern. Alberta: are for the--most - -part characterized: by’ ‘High. percentages “of
organic matter and_ nitrogen.

Available Homesteads.—~These.ate to be fount west and north ‘of Edmon-
_ton—territory: made accessible by, the Grand. Trunk Pacific and- the, Canadian
Northern Railways-in, an’ immense, stretch .of splendid, country.‘ Wheat °
. 8nd, oats. are. reliable, craps:
-successfu. -.The wild.grasses and. pea vine supply.ample feed for stock; water

is. plehtiful-and easily. secured. “Oninto’ the foothils‘and:the mountains are.
stretches of prairie land, through which the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian
Northern a raflways are constructed. - . . :

nowned for its superior ‘quality of oats, In Edmonton :

: Rainfall is-certain. , Mixed farming-is highly ~.

+ of ‘potatoes, cabbages, and
“other _vegetabies,

", ons also thrive in the valley,

- ate grown. Tomatoes, cher-
' ies, and berries of all kinds

. this season averages 4834 .

”*. a crop of 7,000. boxes. The

_ of ds high as $250 an acre, ”

.ing a double crop. Grapes,

‘Wheat, oats, and corn give

“market in Calgary, Regina,

T IS.NOT<so long ago that agriculture: was regarded as quite a secondary
consideration in, British Columbia. The construction of railroads and
the settlement oF the valleys in the wake of the miner and the lumberman,

have entirely dissipated that idea. The.agricultural possibilities of British

i Columbia are.now folly appreciated locally, and the outside world is also be-
- .ginning to realize that the’ Paclfic Province has’ rich assets in its arable and

, _ Pastoral lands.

As far north as the’ fifty-fourth degree it has been ‘practically - demon-
strated that apples will flourish, while in the southern belt the. more delicate
frufts—peaches, grapes, and apricots, are an assured crop.

On a trip through the valley one sees apple orchards with the trees fairly

serosnlng under their loads of fruit, ard pear, plum, and prune’ trees in like
“- manner.

In many places be- -
tween the trees there are rows _.

showing
that the land is really produc-’

water-melons, ‘and muskmel-

and Marge’ quantities of each

are grown extensively.

excellent yields. “As an in-
stance, ‘one man’s wheat crop

bushels to the acre. Of
/prunes, one orchardist .grew

‘apples-shipped find a ready

-and in the other cities in the. -
prairie provinces. Prices this _
year.are considerably better -
than they ‘were a year ago. -
Last year this valley produced -
‘350 carloads of fruit. and |. |.
“vegetables, and some of the _
farmers have made net profits’

. Rallways.—There arethree *~ :
transcontinental ‘lines of railway running through this province. and each has
“opened up a territory valuable for agriculture, mining and* fishing, and -also-

‘gives opportunity for the tourist to view the most magnificent | and awe-

inspiring, scenery on the continent:

. dn the valleys, of which there are’ many, there are tracts of wonderfully rich || ;
: and, largely of alluvial. deposits, that give paying returns: :

fhe Columbia and. Kootenay Valleys, comprising the districts of Cranbrook, °
Nelson, ‘Windermere, - Slocaiz Golden and Revelstoke, are very rich: The
Pastern portion requires. irrigation; - they” are well suited to fruit farming and -

: a ay kinds of roots ana-vexzetables. “Timber lands are safd'to be the best, when
-Ceared. ih n the, Western, portion of ‘these valleys t ‘there’ are € considerable areas ‘ the eat coast belt. apple culture as well is successfal. .

BRITISH. COLUMB
‘The “California” of Canada

; . : RICH IN. NATURAL RESOURCES,
GRAIN; ‘STOCK RAISING, FRUIT GROWING, MINING, LUMBERING, FISHING

of fertile land, suitable for fruit growing. The available land fs largely held -

The excelient quality ‘of British Columbia fruit has
found it a market in all parts of the world. Large <
shipments are now being made to Australia.

by private individuals.
The valleys of the Okanagan, Nicola, Simitkameen, . Kettle, North and

South Thompson, and the Boundary are immensely rich in possibilities. The
advent of the small farmer and fruft grower -hag driven the cattle industry ~
northward into the ‘Central district of the Drovinee. PRE ranges are now

divided Into small parcels, occupied By fruit, Bfowers- <ifd, small farmers, Ini- _

gation is necessary in most places, but waterds’ assy. to acquire,
The Land Recording District of New ‘Wéstthinstét} fis ono of the richest
agricultural districts of the province and includés (all

is very heavy and the underbrush, thick. - Hea obs. of hay, grain, and-

growing: is here brought {to
perfection. - - The natural pté-
cipitation is sufficient for a
purposes.
_ For about seventy bites
along. the Fraser ‘River, thete
“are farms which yield “thelé

5 tons of hay, 120 bushels of

50 tons of rodts have been
_ raised per acre. +,

position, is fast bécoming

development. Most farmers

. : ing and grow fruit. ‘Grains,
grasses, roots, and ¥egetables prow to” perfection and yield heavily.

ret ap \are"-raised, and frnit .

owners revenues from $4,000.-~
to $7,000 a year; this land”.
“is pow worth from $100 to .
$1,000 an acre. A& much as '

*- oats, 20 tons ofpotatoes, and *

. Vancouver. Island, with”
- its great wealth of natural” -
resources and.itscommanding -

- ono of the richest and: most -
°, prosperous portions of. the. -
. Drovince. Its large area of ‘-
agricultural land is heavily -
timbered and costly to ‘clear *
-by-individual effort, but the
~ railroad companies are‘clear-", -
ing, to encourage agricultural —

raise live stock, do some dairy-._

e fertile valley of the | ,
Lower Fraser. The climate is-mild, with much rath if winter, The timber |.

Apples, }

pears, plums; prunes, and cherries grow luxurlantly, while the more.tender .

froaits—peaches, apricots, nectarines, and ‘grapes atiain perfection’ in the

southern districts when carefully cultivated. -
Central British Columbia, :through which the Grand. Trunk Pacifi

where there is considerable land inviting to the settler,’ The soll and climate
of the ‘valleys extending westward to. the Bulkley- are
ing-and cattle raising, while further: weStward and /to within fifty miles of

transcontinental line gives excellent service ‘to’ settlers ‘and business men, «'
‘ comprises the valleys of the Bulkley, Endako, Nechaco, Fraser, and. Stuart, --

adapted: to grain grow-" .

along

“Lands In Peace River Block, as well. ag those,

POT CARS

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the Canadian Pacific Ballway within shaded line, are administered by the Dominion Government.

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4

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SS

RUNNY
ean

be he d Pyquin, $58
149g su0u ea Oe od
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ween
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b 7 ; . : : | a ~ |

. of British Columbia is suitable for.

~ nlarly well adapted to turkeys. -

‘ covery of placer gold in the Cariboo-

CAN AD-A

- Y uv ‘ . .

Down the Fraser from Fort George there is active development in settle-
ment, and wheat, oats, barley and hay are highly productive; the climate is
‘good. The soilis a brown silt covered by a layer of vegetable mould, and the
timber is light and easy to clear.

Along the Nechaco, between Prince George and Braset Lake, is same character
pf soil and a similar country, there being large’ tracts well fitted for general
farming. Native grasses “yield abundant food; there is ample |! rainfall, and the
winter climate moderates as the coast is approached,

“North of Fort Fraser there is good grazing-and farming
land, somewhat timbered and covered with rich grasses.

. The prevailing price is $25 an acre; owners are not partic-
ularly anxious to sell.

Grain.—Wheat is grown principally ~ in the Fraser,

Okanagan, and Spallumcheen Valleys’ and in the country .
around Kamloops. Barley of excellent quality is grown in -
many parts of the ‘province,
_ Oats are the -prineipal grain
crop, the quality and yield beg
ing good, and the demand
_ beyond_the quantity grown:
-" Potatoes, turnips, carrots,
mangolds, and all other roots
grow in profusion wherever
their cultivation has been ~
attempted. Hop culture is
carried on in the’ Okanagan,
Agassiz, and Chilliwak dis-

. tricts. . British Columbia hops”
command a good price in Eng-
Jand, and recently Eastern
Canada and Australia have
bid for them. Someattention
has betn given to thecultiva-

. tion of sugar-beets, tobacco,
and celery, and in each case
with the most gratifying
results, ensuring: an early
expansion of operations in
all of these lines.

The annual total agricultural production of the province is about 1444
million dollars, but there is imported another 15 million dollars’ worth.

. British Columbia agriculturists and fruit growers are particularly fortunate,
‘in having a splendid home market for their. products, and for their surplus
there is the enormous present and illimitable future demand of the prairie prov-
inces, asstiring always good prices and ready sale for everything they produce.

Stock.—Dairying pays handsomely in British Columbia. The local demand
for buttér is constantly increasing and the prices secured are higher than in
Eastern Canada. The province possesses Many elements necessary to con-
stitute it.a great dairying country. ‘There are extensive areas of pastoral land
in the interior, while Increased cultivation in the lower country will form the
necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply of good water, and luxuriant
and nutritious grasses, there is every required facility added. Cattle raising
on a large scale was formerly one ‘of the chief industries of the province,
and many of the large ranches are still making money, but the tendency
of late has been for smaller herds, and the improvement of the stock.

Sheep raising, is another brarich or agriculture capable of great expansion.
Hogs, in small farming, are probably the fost profitable of live ‘stock,
owing to the general demand for pork, bacon, ham, and lard, and much
attention is now being given to ralsing 1 them. Over | million dollars.of hog
products are imported annually, and prices are always high. The demand
for good horses, especially heavy draft -.
and working antmals, is always
increasing,- and~ prices - are~ ~conse- -
quently high.

' Dairy Products.—This industry
reaches a valuation of nearly 4 million
dollars annually. Poultry raising is
a branch of general-farming which is

_ beginning to recetve'special attention
in British Columbia, The home mar-

_ ket 9 nowhere nearly supplied, neither
with eggs or poultry, large quantities .
being imported from Manitoba, On- -
_ tario, California, Washington, and
elsewhere. ‘Good prices prevail at all
seasons of the' year. Every ’portion.

poultry raising.. In .the Coast dis-
. tricts, hens, ducks, and geese can be ..
raised to great advantage, and the .-
dry belts and uplands are partic-

Mineral Resources.—The pre-
cious and ‘useful metals abound in

British Columbia, and it was the dis- O° 0f the big assets of British’

columbia is its supply f fir, pine cedar .
and other woods. -The Douglas fir grows to immense proportions. .
There remains in the Pome supply sufficient for years to

District that first attracted attention to tho provinee. Occurrerjces of
copper, gold, silver and lead ores are widespread, and mining is being car-
ried on in those district; convenient to transportation facllities. Coal is
extensively mined in Vancouver Island, in the Crow's Nest‘Pass district and,
more recently, -in the N: fcola Valley region. Miners’. Wages are high, and
there Js usually a constant: demand for workmen. The value of the mineral
production last year was 32 million dollars, of , which coal contributed 9
million and copper 8 million dollars. ‘|.
Timber.—Next in importance, -at the -present time,
are the timber Tesources. It_is’admitted that the largest
~“remaining areag of first-class
puilding timbers.ia the world
are in British Columbia. The
lumber industry has increased
enormously of recent years
owing to the demand from
the rapidly growing prairie
provinces. For many years
to come’ it will have to un-
dergo constant expansion to
keep pace with the ever-
growing needs of the untim-
bered prairie regions. The

Wide ranges of luxuriant)
grasses, a suitable climate,
anda wide market ;make
dairyingin British Columbia
highly profitable. . +

, fir, cedar, spruce, tamarac,
pine and hemlock.
Fisherles.—This province
has risen to the rank of the -
. greatest fish-producing prov~
ince in the. Dominion.
- Besides its’ extensive salmon’
tay ditapoe of ‘lying within
easy dista pce of the northern.
part ‘of * ts coast line,. ex-
tremely” rich halibut grounds,
while herring are in great
- abundance all along its shores, .
These various branches of
‘ LY. the fishing industry are being
rapidly. developed, but there‘ls yet room for great expansion. The value’ of

principal. woods are Douglas .

the fisheries of the “provinces for 1913 amounted to about 11 million ‘dollars. . :

“Cltmate.—Near the coast the average number of days in the year below

-freezing is fifteen; rainfall varies from 40 to 100 inches. Farther inland the

average number of days in the year below freezing is sixty-five. The northern
districts of Hazleton, Pearl River, Cassiar, and Atlin are somewhat colder.
Ocean currents“ and moisture-laden winds from the Pacific exercise a moderat-
‘ing {influence upon the climate of the coast. The westerly winds, arrested in
their passage east by the Coast Range, create what {fs known as the ‘dry
belt" east of the mountains; the higher air currents carry the moisture te-
the lofty peaks of the. Selkirks, and the. precipitation in the eastern portion

of the province is greater than in the central district, thus a series of alternate oO

moist and dry belts is formed. The province offers a choice of a4 dry or.
moist climate, an almost total absence of extremes of heat and cold, freedom
from malaria, and conditions most-favourable.

A Rich Province.—British Columbia coal measures are sufficient to supply
the world for centuries. It possesses the greatest compact area of merchantable
timber in the world. The mines are in the early stages of their development,
and have already produced about 400 million dollars, of which coal con-
tributed 122 million. The value of the mineral production | in. 1911 was 30
million doltars. The fisheries Teturn an average annual yield of nearly 10°
Anillion dollars. British Columbia's
trade, per-head of population, is the

ports are salmon, coal, gold, silver,

furs and skins, whale-oll; sealskins,
_hops, and fruit. °.;
" How to get the. Land.—Crown
lands in British Columbia are laid
off and surveyed into’ townships,
containing thirty-six sections of one
square mile‘in each. ‘The head of-a
family, a widow, or single. man over
the age of. eighteen years, and a
British subject (or any alien upon
making @ declaration of his Intention
‘to become a British- subject) y
” for agricultural purposes recor
tract of unoccupied and uarese
crown’ Jand , not being an Indian
settlement), n ‘not exceeding 160, acres
in extent. ©. 7
. Free homesteads ‘are: not grant,
Ths pre-emptor of land "must pay $1- a

years, . and improve it to the extent -
come, “ ot $2.50 pet acre. . aan

a, ~

. copper, lead, timber, masts and spars, _

any -

largest in-the world. ..Tho. chief .ex-_- 2.

an acre“for it, live, upon, it for two’. e

alot, ANA.DA WEST... . 39°
Ts reports given ee ———— ‘from, Spalding, Sisk, in No-
; ‘by former Amer- . poe . fine crop in this district. this
7 icons now sesi-.||. Settlers from United States Well || yexcVhelwiest went‘som

oats from 70 to 90, and
threshing is almost finished.
Winter has set in with quite

a little snow, but the weather

is fine. It looks now .as
though we would have a rail- —
road! here next summer" .

eee tony ata M2RE® Bales
: iQ, ro Te ee from: ing--Eake;~ Sask.,---~-~
per Acre in 1915 . ‘on December, 1915, as fol- .
: . . lows: ‘Paddling Lake ts a .-
is amply repaid for his labor. : > st Office, We have the
His neighbours got 25 nad 35 — ; est land one can find with a *
. bushels, The soil,-he says, : . : little timber on it. We got
"is of the very best quality. About two miles southwest of Shellbrooke there { over 30 bushels of wheat and 70 bushels of oats per acre on new broken land.
are several townships in which most of the land is yet open for homesteading. We have four threshing outfits here now. We got potatoes this fall that were
The soli is wth, but the land ‘somewhat rolling ‘and a-littile-wooded ‘in: places, | as-big as any I ever saw, and cabbage as big as the head of an ox.” .
but not sulficient to interfere with farming. ‘There is also plenty of good Bernhard J. Johnson, living near Tribune, Sask., writes in December,
meadow-land.+ We have a good Scandinavian settlement; are about 20 miles 1915: “Our little town of Tribune is not as large as Winnipeg but we can
from, railroad .station—Leask or North Battleford—and I think this is a | get anything we want here anyway. There are not many Scandinavians
splendid place for new settlers.’ ’ ‘ located in town, but a great number of them in the settle-
O. F. Strand writes from Zealandia, Sask.: “We ment in which I live, and there is room for more.”
-have had the biggest crop ever raised here-—wheat Of course, most of the homestead land was taken up ~
_-” averaged over 40 bushels to the acre.on stubble and ears ago, which shows that a good thing advertises
. summer fallow, and oats over 73 bushels on stubble, fself. The land is good for all kinds of farming—as
< and prices are good.” good as- anyone could wish for. When I say that
Mr. Hans Elflesen, Granum, Alberta: “We got there is room for more Scandinavians ‘in this district,
~ a'fine crop this year — from<40 to 60 bushels of wheat - J mean that good land can yet be bought at reasonable
per acre and the farmers are very well pleased with figures, but as soon_as the war is over, there is no
results, especially as prices are good. had ‘ doubt but what land will go up in value,” :
. Mr. Henry Padberg of Muhibach, Alberta, had a
yield from 170 acres of over 3,600 bushels of wheat Report from one of Canada's German Settlements:
and 2,300 bushels of oats. On a farm near his place. : : Bruno, Sask., January 10, 1916.
where he had worked part of the time, they got 100,000 bushels of wheat and Mr. C. J@Broughton, ‘ +e -
30,000 bushels of oats on 3,200 acres.’ . y . Canadian’ Government Agent, Chicago, 12
Edward E. Kvam writes from Ratner, Sask., in December, 1915:.:“I | Dear Mr. Broughton:

: \ :
dents of Canada give
convincing: evidence of
the - satisfactory: - con-
ditionin which they are _
now placed, oa

~_ Mr. Olaf Nyberg of Sheil»
Lake, Sask., for his first crop
putin 17 acresof wheat and

_ ~~ Satisfied With Canada.

Many of Them. Had Returns of From $20 to $35

There are thousands of Canadian
farmers this winter visiting their old
homes and friends in your state. Per-
haps you know some of these. If so,
ask them about the progress they are
making in Canada.

- a
returned a few days ago from a trip down to where I have been during thresh- “Ten years ago I first met you and talked homesteading in Canada; with
ing time in order to make a little extra money. Where I worked, about 150 our advice I went to Bruno, Sask., picked out my homestead and stayed-until
miles*southwest from Saskatoon, they had a most, abundant crop. As an ovember 1, 1915. Then came back for my stock. I had a small sum of

_ , example, will mention that one farmer got 14,500 bushels this year, While | money when I left and to-day have 100 head of cattle, 15 head of horses, 320

. traveling along the line from Elrose north I noticed such a great number of new | acres of land and improvements, éverything pald for and clear, -

‘ ‘buildings added to the little towns—they contain the farmers’ wheat—as the “The climate is most healthy and my wife and I are quite satisfled with
elevators were all full. Winter is here now, but up to date have had no coldto | everything. Am now a Canadian citizen though formerly a German from
speak of. We havea little brush for protection and fuel. The settlersin this | Illinois, and I want to say to you that there is a big German colony surrounding
district got a fine crop, , : ‘ ao , me and they are all well
too,-and have every rea- satisfied with their. sur- .
son to he satisfled.’ A. roundings, and with the

*new churchis being built Canadian Government: .
in.our community and all have done well. The
we hope it will soon be thermometer goes
mx. completed." pretty low at times —.
“Mr. Dan Swanson sometimes 35 to 40 be-
~ low zero, but none of us
Sask., D . : from Illinois fear the
‘ 1915, asfollows: “We |Sackatchewan—........ : : 494: cold as it does not seem

° have had a dry and . Oats... 000] to affect us as it did in

s of Wheat, Oats and Barley in the Northw
for the years 1912-13-14-15. ‘ -
1912 - 1913 1914 bg 1915 :

“Acres! Busnets | Acres | Busuers | Acres | Busnexs | Acres
38,605,000} 3,342,000

Comparative Areas and Yield est Provinces

“ Provinces

warm summer with 0} 91895, 4,901,000 : Tillnois—it- is a dry
some showers, which 1,390,000, 34,303,000] 1,512,000} 34,372,000] 1,371,100] 28,850,000] 1,563,700| 48,772,000; Cold. a
- have helped the crops. : Ht 00 87,630,000 1,639,000} 71,542,000] 1,502,000] 57,076,000] 1,012,000 98,296,000 This year our wheat -
We have fine wheat 187,000 - 8,179,000! ‘197,000! 6,334,001 '178,000| 4,808,000] ‘195,000, 6,542,000] averaged from 40 to 45
fields now and they are : bushels to the acre; oats

from 60 to 70 bushels
and prices very good:
“Thanking you for

_. very valuable as the-.
price on wheat is. way -
up. Alotofthefarm- . ‘ .
erg were quite worried about how to get help to harvest the crop this fall, as | your advice and help and hoping to see you at our home, I am,

* The above are Dominion Government figures. The figures ‘given by the Provincial Government ‘are higher than theso.

alot of our young men have gone to the war, but everything seems to turn ' ours truly, (Signed)
out all right as a lot of men have come here from the States and there is no lack . Henry Deist.”
. of help now. They are all happy *to get work and are paid $3 per day and . '
ard. . aan : - Sana so
‘“. (B. E, Skelth of New Dayton, Alberta, got &n average of 48 bushels oe Thousands of Homesteads Available .
- on 670 acres wheat. : He worked during harvest (for the Miami Farming |- ‘phe natural resources of Western Canada are most varied and abundant; ,..

Co., Dayton, Alberta), where the average was 53 bushels of wheat per acre oa | first and foremost is the soll, of which a well known English Agriculturist and
oe, - . Chemist, Professor Tanner, wrote: “Although we have hitherto considered
Pastor O. J. Saetre writes from Kincaid, Sask., in November, 1915: | the black earth of central Russia the richest in the world, that land now has
~-—-~--—-The-erop-- has- been- way above-expectations_here this year. _.A good deal_| to yield its distinguished position to the rich, deep, black soil of Western Can-
. Js not threshed yet in this district, though we have had a beautiful fall, but} ada.” Other experts bear equally Strong testimony to {ts valte.\’ Notwith- ~~
7, ; - the yield was so immense (up to 76 bushels | standing this, the amount of land_ under : ‘
. cultivation is not one-tenth. of that
available. There are at least 175,000
the homesteads open for settlement at the
until all is finished.’ . , Present time equal in quality to anything
~ Belge Amondson writes as follows |* yet taken up. ‘ .

re
ane

. Threshing forty-five bushels to the acre wheat in Western Canada

as .
‘, ra

- a aan _ 4 4 x . 7 : Sa
oe et “ - : ; ms _ a,
, - Tos 77 ‘ sw

: a
mF - ve . ' Hye - -

. the front.cover_o

a black loam.from one-to two feet deep, with a clay subsoil, It is just rolling

. Mer, and the latter lasts until October.

- rough on account of the

"Dominion Government has no.land for sale:
ment sells land to actual settlers at low figures,

-C A-N-A D A-

WEST: ee -

_GENERAL.. INFORMATION -

{PERTINENT QUERIES—EXPLICIT REPLIES] ° 7 ;

Owing to the number of questions asked daily, it has been deemed advis-
ablo to put in condensed form, such questions as most naturally occur, giving
the answers which experience dictates as appropriate, Conveying the informa-
tion commonly asked for. If the reader does not find here the answer to his

articular culty, a letter to the Superintendent of Immigration, Ottawa,

‘anada, or to any Government Agent whose nme appears on the inside of
-publication, will secure full. particulars.

1. Where are the lands to which reference is made?

‘ Tn Manitoba, § Saskatchewan, Alberta in British Columbia.
What kind of-land

The land is mostly nds * xcept i in British Columbia) and can be secured

frea from timber and, stones, if desired, the soil being the very best alluvial

enough to give good drainage, and in places there is plenty of timber, while
some is underlai with good coal.

3. the land is what you say, why is the Government giving it away?

The Government, knowing that agriculture is the foundation of a progressive
country, and that large yields of farm produce insure prosperity in all other
branches of business, is doing everything in its power to encourage settle-
ment. Jt is much better for each’man to own his own farm, therefore a free
grant of 160 acres is given to every man who will reside upon and cultivate it.

4, Is it timber or prairie land?

. The province of Manitoba has considerable open prairie, e: ecially, in the
southwest; towards the centre it is parklike with some timber belts in parts.

The southern parts of Saskatchewan and Alberta are chiefly, open prairie
with growths of timber along the streams. As you go north or northwest
about 20 per cent of the country may be said to be timbered.

. 6 Then as to ?

The summer days are warm and the nights cool. The fall and spring are
most delightful, although it may be said that winter breaks almost into’ suni-
Winters are pleasant and healthful~
There are no pulmonary or other endemic complaints. Snow begins to fall
about the middle of November and in March there is generally very little.
Near the Rocky Mountains the snowfall isnot so heavy as farther east, and the
chinook winds have a tempering influence. ‘The absence of the snowfall would
be regretted by the farmer. Nature has generously provided for every mile of
the country, and there is really very little choice with the exception that
farther west the climate is somewhat milder. .

6. there sufficient rainfall ?

A sufficient supply can be relied upon.
June, when most needed. |

-y, ‘What are the roads like?
Bridges and culverts are built where needed, and ioadways are usually
graded up, but not gravelled or macadamized. The natural prairie road
is superior to most manufactured roads and affords good travelling in ordinary
seasons and every fall and winter.

8. What sort of people are settied there, and is English generally spoken?

Canadiana, English, Scotch, Irish, French, and English-speaking Americans
(who are going in, in large numbers), with Germans and Scandinavians.
English is the language of the country and is spoken everywhere. -

Will I have to change my citizenship if I go to Canada? .

‘An alien, before making entry for free homestead Jand, must declare his
intention of becoming s British subject and become naturalized before obtain-
ing patent for his land. In the meanwhile he can hold possession and exercise
right of ownership. If not a British subject, he must reside three years to
become naturalized. To become a British subject a settler of foreign birth
should make application to anyone authorized to administer oaths in a Cana-
dian court. n alien may purchase land from any of the railway or land
companies and hold title deed without changing his citizenship.

10. How about American money?

_American money is taken everywhere in Canada at ita face value.

“41, Cana man who has used his homestead right in the United States
take a homestead in Canada?

Yes.
1 ” Sta British subject has taken out “citizen papers” i in the United Statés
how does he standin Canada?

He must be “repatriated,” that is, he must take out a certificate of
naturalization, which can be done after three months’ residence in Canada,

13. What grains are raised in western: Canada?

Wheat (winter, and spring), oats, barley, flax, “speltz, rye and other small
grains, and corn is grown chiefly for silo purposes. .
14. How long does it take wheat to mature
The average time is from 100 to 118 days. This short time is accounted
for by the long hours of sunlight which during the growing and ripening sea~
son, averages 16-hoursaday. - aed

15. Cana man raise & crop on the frst breaking of his land?’

nn but it is not well to use the land for any other purpose t the first year

than for raising garden vegetables, or perhaps a crop of as it is necessarily

eavy. sod not having had time to rot and become
workable. Good yields of oats have been reported on breaking.

16. Is there plenty of hay available?

In many parts there is sufficient wild hay meadow on government or vacant
land, which may be rented at a very low rental, if you have not enough on
your own farm. + Experience has proven “that timothy, brome, clover and
other cultivated grasses do well. ields of brome have been repofted from
two to four tons per acre. Alfalfa under proper cultivation i in may places
gives successful yields. wi

17; Do veg bles thrive and what kinds are grown? rd

Potatoes, tu ips, carrots, beets, onions, parsnip cabbages,
cele + pun: tomatoes, squash, melons, etc unequ: le

. Ean Puitbe raised and what varieties ? are
Baral fruits gr y wild. The cultivated are plums, cranberries, strawberries,
ooseberries, raspbé , currants, In British Columbia, fruit growing of all
ds is carried on very extensively and successf

lly.
19. About what time doses seeding begin?
« As'a rule farmers be; in their seeding from: the 1st to "the 15th of April,

The, most rain ‘fale in May and

eas, beans,
anywhere.

sometimes continuing wellinto May. The average yield of all grains in western-
Canada would be largely i increase , did not some farmers unwisely do seeding
‘until the middle of June. . :

20. How: is it for stock raising?

The country has no equal. In many parts cattle, ‘and horses are not housed
throughout the winter, and so nutritious are the’ “wild erases that stock is
marketed without’ having been fed any grain.
21, In what way can I sécure land in western Canada? . .
By pene ey, or purchasing from railway or land companies. The
The British Columbia Govern-

1
‘

29, Can I get a map or list of lands vacant and open to homiestead entry?

Yes, maps are published by the Department of the Interior, Ottawa, show-
ing what lands are available up to a certain date. “These are from
time to time, Ask for Homestead map of provitice in which you are inter-
ested. Grain production i is also shown by maps. Ask for Cereal map of
province,
= From these maps you may arrive ‘at some conclusion as to what part of the
country you would-like full particulars aboué. “Any Canadian Government

Agent can then furnish you with complete information about the. land avail-°
with the vacant ~

able in that particular locality. A dingram of any township,
lands marke hl be supplied free. A competent land gui fe can be obtained.
far are homestead lands from lines of way? a

They vary, but at present the nearest will be from 15 to 20 miles. Rail-

ways are being built into the new districts.
In which districts are located the most and best available homesteads?

The character of homestead wanted by the settler will decide this. Very
few homesteads are vacant in the southern districts; towards the central and
northern districts of the er bul homesteads are plentiful. They comprise a
_ territory i in which wood for building purposes and fuel are plentiful.

26. Is there any good land close to cky mountains?

The nearer you approach the mountains the more. hilly it becomes, and
the elevation is too great for grain raising. Cattle and horsesdo well. -

26. ‘Ifa man e his family there before he selects a homestead can he
get temporary mecommodation ? oa

At the following places the Government maintains Immigration halls with
free temporary accommodation for those desiring such and supplying their own
provisions. Itis always better for the head of the family, or such‘member of it
as may be entitled to homestead, to select and-make entry - ‘for lands ‘before
moving family:

. Entwistle, Gravelburg, Herbert, Kerrobert, Lloydminster, "Lethbridge, Moose

over 17 years of Age until he is 18, if his father, or other near relative live
nine miles of reserved homestead. The minor must make entry in person
within one month after becoming 18 years of age.
29. Cana person borrow money on & homestead before | receiving patent?
No; contrary to Dominion Lands Act. _-

failway or other work count as time on my homestead?
Only actual residence on your homestead will count, and you oust reside
on homestead six months in each of three years.’
31. Is it permissible to reside with brather, who has filed on adjoining land?
A homesteader may reside with father,: mother, son, daughter, brother, or

upon homestead entered for by him or ber not more than nine miles from
entrant's homestead. Fifty acres of homestead must be brought under culti-
vation, instead of 30 acres, as is the case when there is direct residence:

32. How shail I know what to do or where to go when I reach there?

Make a careful study of this pamphlet and decide in & general way .on the
district in which you wish to settle. Then put yourself in communication with
your nearest Canadian Government Agent, whose nathe appears on the second
| page of cover, At Winnipeg, and in the offices of any of the Dominion Lands
Agents in Canada, are maps showing vacant lands. Having decided on the
district where ‘you will make your home, the services of a competent land
guide may be secured to assist 3 in locating. .

33. Whatis the best way et there ?

Write your nearest Can: Bere eat Agent for routes, and settlers’ fow
railway rate certificate good from the Canadian boundary to destination for
passengers and freight.

34. How much bagg gage wil will I be allowed on the Canadian railways?

150 pounds for each full ticket.

385. Are settlers’ effects bonded through to ‘destination, or are they’ ex-
amined at the boundary?

If settler accompanies effects they "will be examined at the boundary, with-
out any trouble; if effects are unaccompanied they. will go through to the
nearest bonding (or customs) point to destination.

36. In case settler’s family follow him what about railway rates ?-

~ On “application” to Canadian” Government-Agent, settlers’ -low-railway-rate-=. -. --

* costitionss will be forwarded, and they will be given the settlers’ privilege.
37. Whatis the duty on horses and cattle if a settler, should want to take
in more than the number allowed free into Canada
- ‘When for the improvement of stock, free; espana over one year old, they.,
will be valued at s minimum of $50 per head, and duty will be 25 per cent.

Biggar, Brandon, Calgary, Caster, Cereal, Edmonton, Hason, Emerson,

Jaw, North Battleford, North Portal, Prince Afvbert, Regina, Saskatoon,
Strathcona, South Battleford, Swift Current, Tisdale, Unity, Vegreville,
Vermilion, Viking, Virden, Wainwright, Wilkie, Yonkers. : zoo.
27. Where must I make my homestead entry?
At the Dominion Lands Office for the district. 7 a
28. Can homestead lands be reserved for 4 minor? ; .
An ominion Lands may reserve 9 quarter-section for a minor

upon homestead or upon farming, jand owned, not less than 80 acres, within |

30. Would the time I was away working for a neighbour, or on the:

sister on farming land owned solely by him or her, not less than 80 acres, or '

38. How much money must one have to start grain farming and how little ~

can he do with if he goes ran ?
See “Success Achieved by Various Mcthods.”"
39. How can I procure lands for ranching?
They may be leased from the Government at a low rental. Write for full
-particulars to Secretary of the Interior, Ottawa,. Canada. - Sec inside back
cover. »

Page 38 herein. -

40. In those parts which are better for catile and sheep than for grain, ;

-what does a man do if he has only 160 acres?
Tf a settler should desire to go into stock raising and his” quarter-section of
» 160 acres should not prove sufficient to furnish pasture for his stock, he can -
make application to the Land Commissioner for a lease. for grazing lands for'-
a@ term of twenty-one years, at a very low cost. . .
41. Where is information to be had about British ‘Colunibia? a

Is living expensive?

Seman: granulated, 14 to 18 ibs. for $1, "according to fluctuation of market.

Tea, 30 to 50 cents a tb.; coffee, 30 to 45, cents a:tb:; four, $2.25 to $3.00 per.
98 Ibs. Dry gooda about eastern Canada prices. Cotton somewhat dearer than

in United States, and woollen goods noticeably-cheaper. Stoves and furniture -
somewhat higher than castern prices, owing, to freight charges.

48. Are the taxes high? :

Taxes on occupied lands are very low being principally ‘for ‘schools, which -
run from $10 to $14.50 per quarter section. Other taxes ‘are those largely
controlled by residents of the municipalities. These vary 'in the ent

"Apply to Secretary Provincial Bureau of Information,’ Victoria, B. C. e ;

Provinces, and are such as hail insurance tax, telephone tax, There i is also ;

CANADA -. WES T . ee
. a
road work tax. Inthe case of non-residents in Saskatchewan and Alberta 48. What does lumber cost? : a :
an additional surtax is imposed. Spruce boards and dimensions, about $20 per thousand feet; shiplap, $23
44, Does the Government tax the settler if he lets his cattle run on Govern- | to $28; flooring and siding, $25 up, according to quality{ cedar shingles,
ment lands? What about line fences? - from $3.50 to $4.25 per thousand. These prices fluctuate:~ tye
: What chance is there for employment whon,# man first goes there

2 . : . ; 9.
The settler is not required to pay a tax for allowing his cattle to run on and isn’t working on his land ?

Government land, but it is advisable to lease land from the Government for 7 * . par .

baying or grazing purposes, when needed. If one fences his land, his adjoining | ~ There are diferent industries through the country, outside of farming and

neighbour has to stand 2 proportionate share of the cost of the fence adjoining”| '80¢hine, aad | eel mills, four mills, brick-yards, railroad building in the

his property, or build one-half of it himself. summer, #nd lumbering in the winter. The-thancea for employment are good
45. Where can a settler sell what he raises? Is there competition as a large percentage of those going in and those already there farm so much

amongst buyers, or has he got to sell for anything he can get? P fom ane Tol titty: ionoarel Fanon labeteers qave. Fees rought in each
Grain is purchased at elevators and forwarded to the great marketsin other | year from the eastern provinces and’ the United States to assist. in caring for

parts of Canada, the United States and Europe. Canadian tour mills, oatmeal | the large crops. be capable and willing worker is sure to succeed in Canada.

<3)

mills, and breweries use millions of bushels of grain annually. To the west 50. Can employment with a farmer so as to become acquainted with
and northwest of the prairie country lie mining regions, which are dependent | local conditions? an :

upon the prairies for supplies and will to a great extent continue to be. This can be done through the’Commissioner of Immigration at Winnipeg,
Beef is bought on the hoot at the home of the farmer or rancher. Buyers scour | who is in a position to offer. engagements with well established farmers. en
the country in quest of this product. . experienced in agriculture’may expect to receive from $25 up per month with

46. Where can material for a house and sheds be procured, and sbout | board and lodging, engagements, if desired, to extend for twelve months.

what would it cost? What about fael? Do people suffer from the cold ? Summer wages are” from $30 to $35 per month; winter wages $10 to $15.
During harvest wages are higher than this. .

Though there are large tracts of forest in the Canadian west there are locali- ti i .
ties where building timber and material is limited, but this has not proven any | | 51. If 1 ave had te and simply desire to learn farming in
drawback as the Government has made provision that should a man settle on eatern © elore 5) @ on my owN account? _ ts .
a quarter-section deprived of timber, he can, by making application to the | - Young tnen and others unacquainted with farm life will find positions through
Dominion Lands Agent, obtain a permit to cut on Government lands free of | the Government officers at Winnipeg. Wages are dependent upon experience
charge the following. viz.: - and qualification. After working for s year in this way, the knowledge acquired
(1.) 3,000 lineal feet of building timber, measuring no more than 12 inches will be pe igient to Justify you in going into farming on your own account.
at the butt. or 9.250 Feet board measure, (2.) 400roofing poles. (3.) 2,000 | School districts cannot exceed five miles in-length or breadth, and must
fencing rails and 500 fence posts, 7 feet long, and not exceeding five (5) inches |’ contain at least four actual residents, and twelve children between the ages

in diameter at the small end; (4.) 30 cords or dry fuel wood for firewood. . . nt p
The settler has only the expense of the cutting and hauling to his homestead. of five and aixteen. | In almost every locality, where these conditions exist,

The principal districts are within easy reach of firewood; the settlers of Alberta 63. Are church ?

and Saskatchewan are particularly favoured, especially along the various - Bre churches numerous .
streams, from some of which they get all the coal they require, st a trifling cost." buble an arious denominations are well represented and oburches are being
No one in the country need suffer from the cold on account of scarcity of fuel. 64 Tan water be secured at reasonable depth?

47. Is it advisable to go into a new country during the winter months with In most places it can be had at from fifteen to forty feet, while in other

uncertain weather conditions? . places wells have been sunk to fifty or sixty feet.
A few years ago, when settlement was sparse, settlers were advised to wait. .65. Where are free homesteads to-day, and how far from railway ?
until March or April. Now that so many have friends in western Canada In some well settled districts it may be possible to secure one, but such

there‘need be no hesitation when to start. Lines of railway penetrate most {| chances are few. Between the lakes in Manitoba as well as north and south-

- of the settled districts, and no one need go far from neighbours siready settled. | east of Winnipeg. In the central portions of Saskatchewan, Alberta and west
There is no longer the dread of pioneering, and it is robbed of the romance | of Moose Jaw and Swift Current. A splendid homestead area is that lying
that once surrounded it. -With farm already sclected, it is perfectly safe, | north of Battleford, and between Prince Albert and Edmonton. One will
and to the prospective homesteader he can get some soft of occupation until | have to go at least twelve or fifteen miles from a line ‘of railway at present,
early spring, when he will be on the ground ready for it. but extensions will coon make many homesteads available.

WHAT-TO TAKE WITH YOU | -— -
VALUABLE HINTS FOR THE MAN ABOUT TO START

’ The newcomer may start for western Canada during any One settler took a sugar barrel packed with canned fruit,
month in the year. . and had not a single can broken or frozen, wrapping each in
Railroads carry him to within a short distance of his new’ home. | a whole newspaper and then packing in between with old rags,
The country roads are good and there is settlement in all | worn out underwear, old vests and such goods as might other-

parts, so that shelter is easily. reached. ; ; wise be thrown away.
Temporary provision is required for the family’s arrival, when Remember there is no old attic or store-room to go to on
better may be made. ° the new farm.

‘If going- in the winter months, it is well to have a.pair of Cooked goods are’ also good.
. good strong sleds. tas . In the cold weather roasted meat keeps well.
- As teams cost $5.00 a day take along your horses and do Cookies keep fresh in a tin box.

your own hauling. . . . Bring your cows and also your cream separator. The latter
As they require care, write ahead to some livery barn for | will not sell for much and is useful here, as you have no place
room. to store quantities of milk. .

_ In shipping your horses have them loaded by the best shipper Bring at least your two best cows with you on the journey.
in your home town. . Pack up a supply of groceries in such a way that you can get
For feeding on the way, put in two-by-four cleats breast high | at them easily, ; :

on the horses, and fix to fit the end of a stout trough which is Corn starch, tapioca and similar packages are easy to handle
dropped in, afterwards nailing on a top cleat. an while moving, and a big box of such things make cooking. easy
If they have been used to corn, take along twenty bushels for | for the first few weeks, , ;
; each horse. if possible, not only to feed along the way, but to Do not sell anything that can be used in your new farming.
———-- gse"while breaking them ‘in toan-oat diet. - ae -| Old belts, singletrees, doubletrees;-and-such-goods-are-worth-far------——

You need both hay and oat straw on the cars. more away out on the prairies than on the old improved farm,

The new arrival may have to pay $7.00 a ton for hay and 40 | and they will cost more there. : -
cents per bushel for -oats. : Bring all sorts of tools and wagon. gears with you; you will

Railroad construction consumes lots of both, and not half the | save money by doing so; anvil, drills, old bolts, and screws, etc.,

farmers take time in the fall to put up plenty of hay. come in handy.
Bring all the horses you can. Bring your stock remedies. “You will be far from a veteri-
Five big horses can pull a twelve-inch gang through the sod, | narian. Boracic acid comes in handy, so does a medicine cabinet

but six can do it easier and you can use five on the harrow. for the household, with carbolic salve, liniments, ete. ,
You can hitch a team to a goat, on scrubber as they call them One of the first things you will need is a hayrack,"and--you,

here, and lead them behind the drill, making your ground’smooth | will not have time to build one before it is needed, so take the old
and packing it lightly, as you put in the seed. 2 one or build a new one and take it with you. It can be used for

If you have been intending to bring eight horses, bring twelve; | crating and for partitions and other purposes in loading the car.
if you were going to bring twelve, bring sixteen. Make the sides of the rack quite close and have a solid bottom.

‘The first two years on the new land is hard on horses, and Bring slong your base-burner. Coal and wood’ are plentiful.
you will need plenty. ; : _ So far from town one needs big supplies of kerosene, so bring

If you have any spare time or can get work, they bring in | a steel barrel that will not become leaky. You can buy oil
money. m cheaper by the barrel and it saves trouble. Also bring a good
_ Two men in mind cleared over $600.00 apiece ‘doing outside | oil stove. It will do the baking and save hauling fuel in the long
work this last summer. They worked on the roads, in harvest | working season.

and threshing, and received $5.00 per day for man and team. ~ Have a small tank made to carry water in the cars for the
One can get all the outside breaking one’s team can do at | horses, to hold two barrels, about three feet in diameter and
$4.00 per acre, so horsepower is the main thing. four high, the top soldered on, with-a lid just large enough to

Take a supply of meat along, also Iard, canned goods, and | get ina pail. It also will be useful to haul water for the house
other things for your cellar. - tok when you land. : .

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Full text of "The last and best West: Canada in the twentieth century: Western Canada vast in agricultural resources: Homes for millions (American ed.)"

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